Old Foundations for the Logic of Agency and Action

The paper presents an infinite hierarchy of sound and complete axiomatic systems for Two-Dimensional Modal Tense Logic with Historical Necessity, Agents and Acts. A main novelty of these logics is their capacity to represent formally (i) basic action-sentences asserting that such and such an act is performed/omitted by an agent, as well as (ii) causative action-sentences asserting that by performing/omitting a certain act, an agent causes that such and such a state-of-affairs is realized (e.g. comes about/ceases/remains/remains absent). We illustrate how the formal machinery of our systems can be used to reconstruct a number of interesting ideas in the Logic of Agency and Action that have been proposed by authors like von Wright, von Kutschera, Belnap and Segerberg.     

国外关于工作倦怠研究的现状述评

文章回顾了国外关于工作倦怠的相关研究,全文分四部分进行介绍。第一部分介绍其概念以及相关量表;第二部分对工作倦怠方面研究的发展过程做一简介,主要涉及研究范围、研究方法和所关注的问题;第三部分介绍对工作倦怠产生影响的因素,分为工作特征和个体特征两方面的因素;第四部分补充介绍一些解释工作倦怠成因的理论模型。最后,文章在第五部分加以总结评述并对今后研究提出展望     

中学生考试失败结果的复合原因与责任判断的归因后果

该研究采用问卷法,检验动机责任判断的归因模式,比较复合原因与单一原因在归因后果上的差别,以及探查中学生对考试失败结果的复合原因评定、情感反应和惩罚决定的特点。结果表明?韦纳的归因序列在我国的中学生受试者中得到证实;复合原因与单一原因的归固后果具有不完全相同的心理学意义;四个年级组之间在原因知觉、责任判断、情感反应和行动决定上具有各自的特点。初中生对复合原因的评定倾向于能力的强或弱,高中生的评定倾向于付出努力的程度。     

中职学校学生校园暴力犯罪成因分析与预防

本文试图从个人人格、家庭、学校、社会方面探讨中职学校学生校园暴力犯罪的成因,并提出了相应的预防措施。     

Actions and accidents

In acting intentionally, it is no accident that one is doing what one intends to do. In this paper, I ask how to account for this non-accidentality requirement on intentional action. I argue that, for systematic reasons, the currently prevailing view of intentional action – the Causal Theory of Action – is ill-equipped to account for it. I end by proposing an alternative account, according to which an intention is a special kind of cause, one to which it is essential that it represents its effect.     

Can Western Monotheism Avoid Substance Dualism?

The problem of divine agency and action is analogous to the problem of human agency and action: How is such agency possible in the absence of a dualistic causal interaction between disparate orders of being? This paper explores nondualistic accounts of divine agency that assert the following: (1) physical monism, (2) antireductionism, (3) physical realization, and (4) divine causal realism. I conclude that a robustly causal deity is incompatible with nonddualism's affirmation of physical monism. Specifically, I argue the incoherence of nondualistic strategies that advocate divine information transfer without energy transfer or the divine downward causation of physical events. Furthermore, I claim that the principle of explanatory exclusion makes any nondualistic, noninterventionist account of divine agency highly dubious. Finally, I suggest that Judaism, Christianity, and Islam can avoid a causally inert deity only if they are willing to deny the current presumption of the causal closure of the physical.     

医药代表问题及其法律规制

近年我国医药行业不断发展,其营销人员的数量也在膨胀,从而引发了药品购销中的一系列问题,而医药代表在其中扮演着重要角色。由此,“医药代表问题”已引起人们的反感;国家和医院也采取不少措施打击,但收效甚微。医药代表问题成为社会热点。分析医药代表问题的社会成因,提出法律规制,旨在促进这一行业健康发展。     

Emotional Attention: Uncovering the Mechanisms of Affective Biases in Perception

ABSTRACT— The emotional significance of sensory events may influence attention in a reflexive manner, but these effects vary across paradigms and participants. Recent research indicates that specific circuits in the brain may serve to amplify neural responses to emotional stimuli, a modulation similar to attentional effects usually driven by endogenous goals. However, this modulation involves distinct sources in emotional systems such as the amygdala, and may thus operate partly independent of top-down control by attentional systems in frontoparietal cortices. It remains to be clarified to what degree these emotional effects are influenced by specific perceptual and emotional dimensions, automaticity and attentional resources, task goals or expectations, and individual personality traits.     

厌恶情绪加工特点的事件相关电位研究

厌恶作为一种威胁相关情绪有着帮助人们躲避有害刺激的进化意义。近年来的研究表明, 厌恶加工能拥有独特的神经机制, 主要表现为在感觉刺激输入早期起抑制作用。本研究使用高时间分辨率的事件相关电位技术(event-related potential, ERP)作为研究手段, 探究正常被试观看厌恶图片时脑电活动变化。采用视觉搜索范式作为实验任务, 考察不同加工阶段注意资源消耗特点。脑电结果表明, 厌恶加工确实存在独特的加工机制, 表现为皮层活动先抑制后增强。行为结果呈显著交互作用：情绪图呈现时间较短时(0/300 ms), 被试任务表现受负性情绪加工干扰; 情绪图呈现时间较长时(600/900 ms), 被试任务表现不受负性情绪干扰。研究结果支持负性情绪两阶段加工模型, 即厌恶加工也存在先自动化后控制化的两个阶段, 并且在自动化加工完全消失之前存在两种加工进程并存的过度阶段。     

Longitudinal associations between relationship problems,divorce, and life satisfaction: Findings from a 15-year population-based study

Relationship problems are negatively associated with life satisfaction. Bottom-up theories assume that relationship quality affects life satisfaction while top-down theories assume that global personality dispositions affect evaluations of relationship quality. Only bottom-up theories imply that the negative association between relationship problems and life satisfaction will be removed when the relationship is ended and that divorce thus may be a positive event for persons from troubled relationships. In this study associations between relationship problems, divorce, and life satisfaction were examined among 369 heterosexual couples. Relationship problems predicted life satisfaction 15 years later in both men and women. This association was significantly stronger among not-divorced than among divorced couples. Among couples with severe relationship problems those who divorced had higher life satisfaction at 15-year follow-up than those who remained together while the reverse was true among less troubled couples. The findings thus support bottom-up theories of life satisfaction.