From IF to BI

We take a fresh look at the logics of informational dependence and independence of Hintikka and Sandu and Väänänen, and their compositional semantics due to Hodges. We show how Hodges’ semantics can be seen as a special case of a general construction, which provides a context for a useful completeness theorem with respect to a wider class of models. We shed some new light on each aspect of the logic. We show that the natural propositional logic carried by the semantics is the logic of Bunched Implications due to Pym and O’Hearn, which combines intuitionistic and multiplicative connectives. This introduces several new connectives not previously considered in logics of informational dependence, but which we show play a very natural rôle, most notably intuitionistic implication. As regards the quantifiers, we show that their interpretation in the Hodges semantics is forced, in that they are the image under the general construction of the usual Tarski semantics; this implies that they are adjoints to substitution, and hence uniquely determined. As for the dependence predicate, we show that this is definable from a simpler predicate, of constancy or dependence on nothing. This makes essential use of the intuitionistic implication. The Armstrong axioms for functional dependence are then recovered as a standard set of axioms for intuitionistic implication. We also prove a full abstraction result in the style of Hodges, in which the intuitionistic implication plays a very natural rôle.     

The Professor and the Saint

I review James E. Dittes' scholarship on St. Augustine through the perspective of my experiences as a student in his seminar on The `Theologies' of Freud and Jung, sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Throughout this review, I emphasize Dittes' personal engagement with Augustine, and note his unabashed introspection as a mode of theological reflection.     

A behavioral economic analysis of concurrently available money and cigarettes.

In economic terms, consumption of a reinforcer is determined by its price and the availability and price of other reinforcers. This study examined the effects of response-requirement (i.e., price) manipulations on the self-administration of two concurrently available reinforcers. Six cigarette smokers participated in 4-hr sessions in which money and puffs on a cigarette were concurrently available according to fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement. Once stable responding was obtained with both reinforcers available at Fixed Ratio 100, the response requirement for one reinforcer was systematically varied (Fixed Ratio 1,000 and 2,500), while the other reinforcer remained scheduled at Fixed Ratio 100. Increasing the fixed-ratio size for a reinforcer decreased its consumption, with a greater decrease occurring for monetary reinforcement. This finding was quantified in economic terms as own-price elasticity, with elasticity coefficients greater for money than cigarettes. The effects of fixed-ratio size on response output also differed across the two reinforcers. Although greater responding occurred for money at Fixed Ratio 100, increases in fixed-ratio size (for money) decreased responding for money, whereas the same increase in fixed-ratio size (for puffs) increased responding for puffs. Finally, increasing the fixed-ratio size for one reinforcer had little effect on consumption of the other concurrently available reinforcer. This finding was quantified as cross-price elasticity, with elasticity coefficients near 0.0 for most subjects, indicating little or no reinforcer interaction. The results indicate that the reinforcing effects of cigarettes and money in the setting studied here differed, and that the effects produced by changing the price of one reinforcer did not interact with the consumption of the other concurrently available reinforcer.     

听觉时距知觉序列依赖效应跨空间和双耳位置的迁移特性*

序列依赖效应体现了先前感知经验对当前知觉产生的作用。结合时距二分任务,两个实验分别探讨了时距知觉中听觉空间（实验1）和耳（实验2）的一致性对刺激和决策序列依赖效应的影响。结果重复了排斥性的刺激序列依赖效应和吸引性的决策序列依赖效应,并进一步发现刺激序列依赖效应不受听觉空间或耳一致性的影响,而决策序列依赖效应在听觉空间或耳不一致条件下显著减弱。这些结果表明,听觉时距知觉的刺激序列依赖效应可能产生于对听觉空间和耳位置线索不敏感的较高级听觉脑区,而决策序列依赖效应则可能源于能够根据听觉空间和耳位置线索进行类别组织的高级认知脑区。     

干扰材料的熟悉性和认知方式对语篇阅读的影响

采用熟悉词和不熟悉词为干扰材料,考察了干扰材料的熟悉性对语篇阅读的影响.实验第一阶段要求不同认知方式被试朗读插入熟悉度不同干扰材料的短文,考查被试的阅读效率;第二阶段采用学习—自由回忆任务考查不同提示条件下在短文中使用过的干扰词和新词的学习效果.结果发现:(1)对场独立者而言,熟悉词的干扰作用明显大于不熟悉词,而对场依存者而言,熟悉词和不熟悉词的干扰作用无差异;(2)在提示条件下,被试对干扰词的回忆量大于对新词的回忆量.研究结果表明,在语篇阅读过程中,与场依存者相比,熟悉的干扰材料对场独立者的影响更大;熟悉词比不熟悉词产生更大干扰的原因可能是由于其激活了读者更多的经验,而非具有加工的优势.     

自动化信任和依赖对航空安全的危害及其改进

自动化系统在现今航空业中得到了广泛应用,然而复杂的自动化系统的引入产生了新的失误模式,使航空人因安全问题变得更加突出。受多种因素影响,操作者在与自动化系统的交互过程中并不总能达到适度的信任校准水平。非适度自动化信任和依赖引发了严重的航空安全事故。值得欣慰的是,以人为中心的自动化显示设计和训练能够将非适度自动化信任和依赖调整到适度状态。     

The effect of stress on craving for methadone depends on the timing of last methadone dose

Background

This study examined the extent to which the timing of last methadone dose moderates the influence of a laboratory stressor on craving for methadone in a sample of methadone maintenance patients.

Methods

Methadone maintenance patients (N = 41) completed a computerized stress manipulation with two levels (low and high stress) on two separate days: (1) immediately following the administration of their standard daily methadone dose and (2) immediately prior to receiving their standard daily dose. The impact of stress, timing of methadone dose and their interaction were examined on self-report measures of stress and craving for methadone.

Results

Craving ratings varied according to the timing of last methadone dose. Immediately following methadone dose (i.e., day 1), there was no effect for stress on craving (0.12; p = 0.30). However, prior to receiving methadone dose (i.e., day 2), the high stress effect on craving was significant (1.51; p < 0.001).

Discussion

The present findings indicate that patients currently receiving methadone maintenance treatment may be particularly vulnerable to stress-related relapse immediately prior to daily methadone dosing.     

温尼科特的精神分析客体关系理论的治疗观

温尼科特是英国精神分析客体关系学派的重要代表人物,提出了独特的精神分析治疗观,以提供抱持性的分析情境为核心,强调退行至依赖的治疗过程,重视精神分析师的反移情中的恨的情绪体验,珍视病人的主动不交流等,在很多方面颠覆了经典的精神分析治疗观。