短时距估计中的标量特性

使用单任务研究程序,采用预期式研究范式和再现时距的研究方法,从心理物理学的视角,通过三个实验系统地考查了人类短时距估计的标量特性、变异源、时距估计中的转换点和韦伯函数的形态等问题。结果表明,刺激物的运动、变化、速度和物理时距是被试进行短时距估计的重要变异源;被试在实验中表现出高估较短时距和低估较长时距的倾向,时距估计的转换点为11.1s;计时过程中得到的韦伯函数是个分段连续函数, 韦伯函数的拐点有两个12s和21s,这两点与本研究得到的时距估计转换点具有部分一致性     

空间情境模型建立和更新的影响因素

采用混合实验设计,以含有空间信息的语篇为实验材料,选取不同视空间工作记忆广度的大学生作为被试,利用新的实验范式分离了空间情境模型的建立过程和更新过程,对这两个过程在不同时间模式下的加工特点进行分析,考察了空间情境模型建立和更新的影响因素。研究发现：（1）视空间工作记忆广度影响空间情境模型的建立,但不影响空间情境模型的更新。（2）时间模式既影响空间情境模型的建立又影响空间情境模型的更新。（3）方位对空间情境模型的建立有显著影响,对空间模型的更新没有显著影响。在空间情境模型的建立和更新过程中,前后判断的准确性不易受限时的影响,而左右判断的准确性则易受到限时的影响而显著降低,前后方位效应具有稳定性和优势性     

不同时间限制下小学儿童学习时间分配决策水平的发展

采用3×3二因素混合实验设计,利用计算机呈现刺激并记录被试的反应,以语意联系密切程度不同的词对作为难易不同的材料,借助线索回忆作为提取方式,利用四项研究分别探查小学儿童在短时限、中等时限和无时限三种时间限制下,学习时间分配的发展特点和趋势。得到如下结论：（1）小学各阶段儿童在学习过程中,主动进行了学习时间分配的决策。（2）儿童学习时间分配的决策水平随年龄增长而提高。（3）不同的时间限制难度不同,儿童在不同的难度任务下选择了不同的掌握标准,进行了不同的时间分配,支持了“标准影响分配假说”。（4）随着年龄增长,儿童的提取正确率有增加的趋势,时限越长,提取正确率越高。     

目标激励对创业行动效能影响的情景模拟

通过情景模拟实验比较了愿景表征型目标激励与非愿景表征型目标激励对创业行动效能的影响,并且检验了成就目标导向与创业目标激励的交互作用。实验结果表明：（1）愿景表征型目标带来的激励效果显著优于非愿景表征型目标产生的激励效果。（2）目标激励与创业行动效能的关系受到成就目标导向的缓冲。（3）目标激励和成就目标导向都要通过个体感知的管理能力对创业行动效能起驱动作用。     

小剂量酒精伤害驾驶行为的时序效应

酒后开车普遍存在并致交通肇事居高不下的现实,对法定酒精限量的科学性提出质疑.本实验在多数国家交通法规采用的体内血液酒精水平BAL＜0.5‰的标准以下,设计三项任务对12名被试在酒前酒后四段时间内的行为实施测试,结果表明个体无法准确估计安全的酒精摄入量;小剂量酒精仍具有伤害行为的效应;酒精影响依行为复杂程度呈现时序效应.     

Effect of facial stimuli exposure time on evaluation of facial attractiveness

Facial attractiveness has advantages both socially and sexually, and the human brain has evolved to perceive specific facial characteristics as attractive. The current research examined the effect of facial stimuli exposure time on facial attractiveness evaluations. In Experiment 1, 86 students observed 44 facial stimuli in short and long amounts of time. To eliminate any influence of repeated stimuli on the second observations, Experiment 2 was performed on 84 participants who observed the facial stimuli in either short or long durations. Differences in both experiments were significant. These studies showed that exposure time has an influence on the evaluation of facial attractiveness. Participants who were exposed to facial stimuli for a short amount of time perceived greater facial attractiveness than when they were exposed for a longer time to the same stimuli. In other words, faces were more beautiful when they were observed in a short amount of time, and this effect occurred regardless of gender.     

Reaction time as an indicator of stimulus‐response binding in affective judgment of visual stimuli1

Conventional studies on affective meanings have been conducted using the semantic differential technique. Although it offers reasonably valid and reliable measures for the bindings between visual stimuli and affective responses, it is dependent on subjective rating. Thus, the present study examined whether the reaction time (RT) of affective judgments for visual stimuli (color, shape, and facial expression) can be an objective indicator of the strength of stimuli‐response bindings. The results can be summarized as follows: (a) RTs for judging Evaluation were longer regardless of stimulus type; (b) RTs for Activity were shorter regardless of stimulus type; and (c) RTs for Lightness and Sharpness depended on stimulus type. These phenomena are consistent with the findings of previous affective meaning studies, suggesting that the RTs for affective judgments can be useful indicators reflecting the strength of the bindings between stimulus properties and affective meanings across various target stimuli and rating scales.     

The Effects of Gender Role Orientation on Team Schema: A Multivariate Analysis of Indicators in a U.S. Federal Health Care Organization

Abstract

In this empirical study of 649 employees at a federally supported health care facility in the United States, the authors investigated the effects of individual gender role orientation on team schema. The results indicated (a) that nontraditional male and female employees perceived the greatest amount of group cohesion in their team schemas and (b) that both traditional and nontraditional male employees perceived greater problem-solving potential in their team schemas. Meaningful implications for team composition are discussed.     

Does the Defining Issues Test Measure Ethical Judgment Ability or Political Position?

ABSTRACT

This article addresses the construct validity of the Defining Issues Test of ethical judgment (DIT/DIT-2). Alleging a political bias in the test, Emler and colleagues (1983, 1998, 1999, 2007), show that conservatives score higher when asked to fake as liberals, implying that they understand the reasoning associated with “higher” moral development but avoid items they see as liberally biased. DIT proponents challenge the internal validity of faking studies, advocating an explained-variance validation. This study takes a new approach: Adult participants complete the DIT-2, then evaluate the raw responses of others to discern political orientation and ethical development. Results show that individuals scoring higher on the DIT-2 rank others' ethical judgment in a way consistent with DIT-2-based rankings. Accuracy at assessing political orientation, however, is low. Results support the DIT-2's validity as a measure of ethical development, not an expression of political position.     

Are Parental Rules regarding Screen Behaviors Associated with Youth’ Sedentary Behavior? The UP&DOWN Study

Abstract

This study aims to examine the associations of parental rules with sedentary behavior (SB) in youth. Leisure-time SB was assessed by accelerometry and questionnaire. In boys, parental rules regarding TV were negatively associated with objectively-measured leisure-time SB and time spent in all screen behaviors, but positively associated with educational SB. Among girls, the total number of parental rules was negatively associated with the time spent surfing the Internet, but positively related with educational SB, on weekends. The imposition of rules by parents may be a simple and effective strategy to improve sedentary patterns in youth, especially among boys.