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971.
Objections to a trace hypothesis for interval timing do not apply to the multiple-time-scale (MTS) theory, which incorporates a dynamic trace tuned by the system history and can easily accommodate interval timing over a 1,000:1 range. The MTS model can also account for Weber's law as well as systematic deviations from it. Contrary to our critics, we contend that patterns of variance in interval timing experiments are not fully described by scalar expectancy theory, and that attempting to understand timing by assigning variance to different elements of a flexible model that lacks inductive support is a flawed strategy, because the attempt may be successful even if the model is wrong. We further argue that biological plausibility is an unreliable guide to the development of behavioral theory, that prediction is not the same as test, that induction should precede deduction, and that a rat is not a clock. 相似文献
972.
We propose that a fundamental unit of behavior is the concurrent discriminated operant, and we discuss in detail a quantitative model of the concurrent three-term contingency that is based on the notion that an animal's behavior is controlled to differing extents by both stimulus—behavior and behavior—reinforcer relations. We show how this model can describe performance in a variety of experimental procedures: conditional discrimination and matching to sample, both with and without reinforcement for responses that are traditionally identified as errors; conditional discrimination with more than two stimuli and choice alternatives; delayed matching to sample and delayed reinforcement in matching to sample; second-order and complex conditional discrimination; and multiple and concurrent schedules. Although the model is incomplete in its coverage, and may be incorrect, we believe that this conceptual approach will bear fruit in the development of behavior theory. 相似文献
973.
This study evaluated a cumulative dosing procedure for drug discrimination with human participants. Four participants learned to discriminate triazolam (0.35 mg/70 kg) from placebo. A crossover design was used to compare the results under a single dosing procedure with results obtained under a cumulative dosing procedure. Under the single dosing procedure, a dose of triazolam (0, 0.05, 0.15, or 0.35 mg/70 kg) or secobarbital (0, 25, 75, or 175 mg/70 kg) was administered 45 min before assessment. Determining each dose-effect curve thus required four sessions. Under the cumulative dosing procedure, four doses of triazolam (0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/70 kg) or secobarbital (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/70 kg) were administered approximately 55 min apart, producing a complete dose-effect curve in one four-trial session. Regardless of procedure, triazolam and secobarbital produced discriminative stimulus and self-reported effects similar to previous single dosing studies in humans. Shifts to the right in cumulative dose-effect curves compared to single dose-effect curves occurred on several self-report measures. When qualitative stimulus functions rather than quantitative functions are of interest, application of cumulative dosing may increase efficiency in human drug discrimination. 相似文献
974.
Interresponse-time sensitivity during discrete-trial and free-operant concurrent variable-interval schedules
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Cleaveland JM 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1999,72(3):317-339
Two experiments investigated the sensitivity of pigeons' choice to elapsed time since the last response (i.e., to inter-response time [IRT]) during concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules. Experiment 1 used a two-key discrete-trial procedure with variable intertrial intervals. Experiment 2 employed a three-key free-operant procedure. In both experiments choice was found to be a function of the active-schedule IRT, defined as the time since the most recent response. Monte Carlo simulations show how this finding permits the joining of several seemingly incompatible data sets held to both support and contradict a kind of choice strategy, termed momentary maximizing, which attempts to maximize momentary reinforcement probabilities. The studies suggest that only two variables are needed to describe the static molecular structure of concurrent variable-interval choice: active-schedule IRTs and "response states" consisting of the last one or two schedule choices. 相似文献
975.
The aim of the present study was to analyze whether task repetitions which are an inevitable part of repeated measures designs might induce performance alterations specific for gender and hemisphere. Male and female subjects conducted twice a lexical decision, a polygon recognition, and a face discrimination task as a visual half field paradigm with the two experimental sessions repeated by 2 weeks. The results show that only in female subjects can a session effect for the lexical decision and the polygon recognition task be demonstrated which is hemisphere specific. Thus, repeated measures designs seem to have a gender- and hemisphere-specific effects of their own which could confound with other variables under study. 相似文献
976.
Wilfried Allaerts 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1999,30(1):155-171
Biological self reference idioms in brain-centered or nervous-system-centered self determination of the consious Self reveal
an interesting contrast with biological self-determination by immunological self/non-self discrimination. This contrast is
both biological and epistemological. In contrast to the consciousness conscious of itself, the immunological self-determination
imposes a protective mechanism against self-recognition (Coutinho et al. 1984), which adds to a largely unconscious achievement
of the biological Self (Popper 1977; Medawar 1959). The latter viewpoint is in contrast with the immunological Self-determination
as an essentially cognitive process as expressed in the analysis of Tauber (1994). Comparison of the immune system in vertebrates
and invertebrates, according to new biological insights, has contributed to a better understanding of the relative role of
innate (or inherited) immunity versus immunity acquired during each individual life. Also in this respect, immunological self-achievement
shows both a striking analogy and a fundamental discrepancy with the activity of the nervous system.
The analysis of immunological Self/non-self discrimination versus brain-centered self-determination adds to the understanding
of the function paradigm in biological self-reference idioms, especially when regarding the importance of the connectivity
notion in both systems. Adopting functional explanatory schemes for understanding immunological self-non-self discrimination,
as well as for the understanding of functional mapping of the brain at (conscious) activity (Friston et al. 1993; Frith et
al. 1995), forwards the notion of effective/functional connectivity. Network connectivity not only is a primary question in
solving the dimensionality question for immunological ‘idiotypic networks’ (Jerne 1974a, b; 1984), it may also have an important
value in describing phase transitions in the development of both immune and nervous systems.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
977.
本研究运用模糊统计试验的方法对五组日常时间用语词进行了经验赋值 ,被试是 3 1 2名大学生。结果表明 :(1 )被试对日常时间用语词词义的理解是模糊的 ,其赋值指向较大的区间 ;(2 )被试对日常时间用语词的赋值受词自身具有的数值的影响 ,受词的下属时间单位数量的影响 ;(3 )词义相近的词赋值亦接近 ;(4)对表示人的年龄的词的赋值因对象的性别、词的熟悉性和赋值区间的封闭性的不同而不同 ;(5 )“几”在表示时间的数量时对应的赋值区间是3~ 5 相似文献
978.
Japanese bantam hens were trained to discriminate between geometrical figures varying along four integral dimensions. Only
one dimension predicted food: selections of sharp-cornered figures were reinforced, while selections of rounded figures were
not. In experiment 1, hens were subsequently trained to discriminate between nine figure pairs in a simultaneous discrimination
task. Because single pairs contained multiple redundant cues, whereas the relevant dimension was obvious only across stimulus
pairs, the results revealed effects of both generalization and reversal learning. Accordingly, learning speed was enhanced
for later discriminations. Experiment 2 tested the hens’ transfer performance to unknown pairs, following experience of 9
or 18 figure pairs. Four of seven hens showed reliable transfer after experience with 9 figures, but only three showed transfer
after experience with 18 figures, indicating lower transfer with higher number of stimulus pairs learned. In experiment 3,
hens were trained to discriminate 27 figure pairs. Discrimination ratios further decreased and the groups of pairs differed
significantly in their ratios of discrimination. Individual hens’ pecking behaviour was analysed in relation to each dimension
of single figures and in relation to relative differences in the levels of dimensions between paired figures. Hens were shown
to be oriented towards irrelevant information and more towards relational and configurational than elemental and dimensional
aspects. The results are discussed in the biological context of individual recognition in chickens’ dominance hierarchies,
in which we suppose that chickens identify individual flock mates by representation of their visual pattern rather than by
single characteristics.
Received: 18 September 1998 / Accepted after revision: 23 December 1998 相似文献
979.
时距知觉的心理学研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文回顾了近五十年来时距知觉的实验研究,对不同的理论模型、实验范式、实验方法以及主要时距判断规律作了较全面的评述,并进一步探讨了时距知觉研究未来的发展。 相似文献
980.
O'mara H 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1991,55(1):125-132
The number of different ways of linking stimuli in the training phase of a conditional discrimination procedure designed to teach equivalence relations has hitherto been underestimated. An algorithm from graph theory that produces the correct number of such different ways is given. The establishment of equivalence relations requires transitive stimulus control. A misconception in a previous analysis of the conditions necessary for demonstrating transitive stimulus control is indicated. This misconception concerns responding in an unreinforced test trial to a negative rather than a positive comparison stimulus. Such behavior cannot be attributed to discriminative control by degree of association with reinforcement if the negative comparison stimulus has been less associated with reinforcement than the positive comparison stimulus in an antecedent training phase. 相似文献