空间-时间联合编码效应:表现、影响因素及其理论

空间?时间联合编码效应(spatial-temporal association of response codes effect,STEARC)是指时间的心里表征具有空间特性。这种时空关联现象具有多方向性、多通道性和不同文化背景下优势轴的差异性。影响这种现象的因素主要有阅读和书写习惯、语言、空间参考框架和情绪状态等。目前空间?时间联合编码效应的理论解释主要有隐喻构念观、具身理论、命题符号理论和知觉符号理论等。未来的研究需要进一步综合三条空间轴线,深入探讨空间?时间联合编码效应的影响因素及其神经生理机制。     

Aging,Spirituality, and Time: A Qualitative Study

We examined the concepts of aging, time, spirituality, and future care needs in four randomly selected informants from a group of 54 never-married childless older women. Using data from the Generativity and Lifestyles of Older Women (GLOW) study, we questioned how women’s perceptions of these concepts came together in current older age. We employed cultural theory, (our theoretical framework), ethnography, (our methodological framework), and phenomenology, (our philosophical foundation) to produce a portrait of each woman interviewed. Through a three-session interview process, we elicited the women’s life stories, reasons for childlessness, and topics that emerged as significant to the women, including aging, a sense of time remaining, and spirituality. A key finding was that the context of each woman’s life, both biographical and historical, transpired as a foundation for these concepts. That is, a woman’s “place in time” shaped their experiences of aging, as well as her reasons for childlessness and perceptions of finitude.     

家庭支持型主管行为对员工工作态度的影响:有调节的中介效应分析

采用问卷法调查了358名企业员工,探讨家庭支持型主管行为(FSSB)对工作满意感和离职意愿等工作态度的作用机制。结果表明:(1)FSSB对工作满意感有显著正向影响,对离职意愿有显著负向影响。(2)工作-家庭增益在FSSB与工作满意感之间起着中介作用,而工作-家庭冲突的中介作用不显著;工作-家庭增益与冲突在FSSB与离职意愿之间的中介作用均不显著。(3)边界控制感调节了FSSB—工作-家庭增益—工作满意感这一中介过程。本研究提示可通过干预FSSB来提升员工的工作态度。     

正负效价面部表情图片加工的差异

为探讨正负效价面部表情图片识别的差异,采用独立呈现范式呈现正负效价面部表情图片,控制呈现时间和提示线索位置,并利用眼动仪记录识别过程中的眼动指标。结果发现:(1)在识别速度和正确率上,加工积极面部表情图片高于加工消极面部表情图片,显示出积极表情优势。(2)呈现时间没有改变正负效价表情图片加工之间的差异。(3)存在提示线索位置效应,即提示线索在嘴部有利于面部表情识别。(4)面部表情识别遵循"眼部-嘴部-眼部"的规律。结果提示不同性质面部表情的加工机制不同,加工深度作用小于线索作用。     

The eye movement measure of memory and its relationship with explicit measures

This study examined whether the eye movement can be used to measure memory of past events and its relationship with the explicit measures. In Experiment 1, after studying a list of Chinese characters, the participants received a recognition memory test. For each trial the participants had to indicate, among one studied character and two nonstudied homonyms, which character they had studied. Participants’ eye movements were monitored while they viewed the three-character test display. Both the time-course and response-locked measures showed that participants viewed the studied character longer than the nonstudied character regardless of their explicit response. Experiment 2 used a wagering task to assess participants’ conscious awareness and found that wagering points predicted viewing time for the target better than the recognition accuracy did. These findings suggest that the effect of memory on viewing time occurs automatically and is weakly associated with subsequent conscious awareness of the studied event.     

Illegal crossing behavior of pedestrians at signalized intersections: Factors affecting the gap acceptance

Purpose of designing crosswalks is to allow pedestrians to cross the roads safely avoiding conflicts between pedestrians and motorized vehicles. However, pedestrians do not always comply with the crossing rules, whether it is timing (signalization) and/or location (crossing facility). An observation survey of illegal crossings was conducted at six intersections in Izmir, Turkey to determine the distance and time gap perception of the pedestrians for safe road-crossing within the 25 m of the crosswalk. Each intersection was observed on weekdays during afternoon (12.30–13.30) and evening peak hours (17.00–18.00). Totally, 444 illegal crossings were observed at all intersections. Data were analyzed playing the video recordings in office. All roads were consisted of two lanes. In this study pedestrians’ illegal crossing behavior at signalized intersections depending on the position of the oncoming vehicle is of interest. Safety margins and crossing times of the pedestrians were also reported. Position of the vehicle was determined for the first lane at the instant the pedestrian stepped the lane. Pedestrians’ distance gap perception was categorized into five groups depending on the position of the oncoming vehicle which are; vehicle is within the 25 m of the crosswalk, vehicle is within the 25–50 m of the crosswalk, vehicle is within the 50–75 m of the crosswalk, vehicle is just beyond 75 m, and vehicle is out of field of view. Factors affecting the distance gaps, safety margins and crossing times were analyzed by ANOVA. The most significant effect was the vehicle speed in all analysis. Pedestrians based their decision of crossing on distance rather than time gap.     

A comparison of parental attention and preferred items during tummy time: A consecutive controlled case series evaluation

Tummy time is an activity for infants to practice their early motor skills. Although most pediatricians recommend tummy time, parents may avoid the procedures due to indices of infant discomfort during this period. This consecutive controlled case series evaluation compared the effects of preferred items selected from a preference assessment with those of parental attention on head evaluation and negative vocalizations during tummy time. In addition, we directly evaluated parental choice by inviting parents to select which tummy time treatment they wanted to implement. We found that both preferred items and parental attention effectively increased head elevation and decreased negative vocalizations during tummy time; however, parents tended to prefer the treatment that included the preferred item.     

Response preparation with anticues in children and adults

We examined the ability of children (mean age: 10.4 years) and adults (mean age: 20.7 years) to prepare finger keypress responses in an anticue paradigm by presenting left and right spatial cues, which specified right and left hand finger responses, respectively. Four time intervals separated cue onset from target onset: 200 ms, 600 ms, 1000 ms, and 2000 ms. Results showed that, overall, children responded slower and less accurately than did adults; nevertheless they were equally effective in using anticue information to reduce reaction time with preparation intervals of 600 ms and longer. This outcome is discussed in terms of a slow, voluntary, top-down executive process that redirects motor preparation from the ipsi- to the contralateral hand. The absence of an age effect suggests an early maturation of the underlying neural mechanisms.     

Lessons from the Natural Course of Complex Posttraumatic Disorders

The natural course of complex posttraumatic disorders typically consists of a gradual “social breakdown.” Sufferers and their partners (e.g., parents, siblings, and lifemates) become increasingly avoidant of opportunities for intimacy. The proposed mechanism for the breakdown is the sufferers' method of testing others' trustworthiness. They test unproductively, repetitively, without closure either way. Partners misunderstand it as manipulation for trivial wants or instigation to replicate old betrayals. Patients often suffer social breakdown despite psychotherapy. Tempted to experiment in intimate relationships privately, outside therapy, they become hopeless faster than gains in therapy can generalize. I present a psychotherapy model to avert this breakdown: Clinicians and patients jointly stage experiments with intimacy in the relationships that matter from the beginning of therapy.