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241.
Mary C. Newman John J. B. Allen Alfred W. Kaszniak 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(1):72-78
Younger and older adults were compared on new tests for item and temporal memory suitable for use in future electrophysiological or neuroimaging studies. Following a series of 10 simple line drawings, 4-choice panels containing two previously seen targets and two novel distractors appeared. Participants identified which pictures had been seen previously (item), or which of the items was presented earliest (temporal order). Performance of younger adults was superior to that of older adults. Memory for item and temporal order were equivalent in the younger group. In contrast, the item memory of the older group was superior to memory for temporal order, confirming previous evidence of differential impairment of memory for temporal order with age. 相似文献
242.
Alodie Rey-Mermet Beat Meier 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2013,9(3):146-155
When switching tasks, occasionally responding to bivalent stimuli (i.e., stimuli
with relevant features for two different tasks) slows performance on subsequent
univalent stimuli, even when they do not share relevant features with bivalent
stimuli. This performance slowing is labelled the bivalency
effect. Here, we investigated whether the bivalency effect results
from an orienting response to the infrequent stimuli (i.e., the bivalent
stimuli). To this end, we compared the impact of responding to infrequent
univalent stimuli to the impact of responding to infrequent bivalent stimuli.
For the latter, the results showed a performance slowing for all trials
following bivalent stimuli. This indicates a long-lasting bivalency effect,
replicating previous findings. For infrequent univalent stimuli, however, the
results showed a smaller and shorter-lived performance slowing. These results
demonstrate that the bivalency effect does not simply reflect an orienting
response to infrequent stimuli. Rather it results from the conflict induced by
bivalent stimuli, probably by episodic binding with the more demanding context
created by them. 相似文献
243.
244.
本研究用实验方法考察同一性感刺激对两性可能产生的动机冲突,使得两性在选择能够展示拥有者特性的商品时,偏好可能大相径庭。本文以i Phone5S手机的色彩选择为例,两个实验的结果显示,来自性感女性的性感刺激,一方面会激发男性的配偶吸引动机,提高其对代表财富的金色手机(相比代表沉稳的黑色手机)的购买欲望;另一方面,会激发女性的配偶维系动机,使她们在给情人(相比给非情人关系男士)选购礼物时,对金色手机的偏好降低(相比黑色手机)。 相似文献
245.
Christopher A Podlesnik John Y. H Bai Douglas Elliffe 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2012,98(2):169-189
Reinforcing an alternative response in the same context as a target response reduces the rate of occurrence but increases the persistence of that target response. Applied researchers who use such techniques to decrease the rate of a target problem behavior risk inadvertently increasing the persistence of the same problem behavior. Behavioral momentum theory asserts that the increased persistence is a function of the alternative reinforcement enhancing the Pavlovian relation between the target stimulus context and reinforcement. A method showing promise for reducing the persistence‐enhancing effects of alternative reinforcement is to train the alternative response in a separate stimulus context before combining with the target stimulus in extinction. The present study replicated previous findings using pigeons by showing that combining an “alternative” richer VI schedule (96 reinforcers/ hr) with a “target” leaner VI schedule (24 reinforcers/hr) reduced resistance to extinction of target responding compared with concurrent training of the alternative and target responses (totaling 120 reinforcers/hr). We also found less relapse with a reinstatement procedure following extinction with separate‐context training, supporting previous findings that training conditions similarly influence both resistance to extinction and relapse. Finally, combining the alternative stimulus context was less disruptive to target responding previously trained in the concurrent schedule, relative to combining with the target response trained alone. Overall, the present findings suggest the technique of combining stimulus contexts associated with alternative responses with those associated with target responses disrupts target responding. Furthermore, the effectiveness of this disruption is a function of training context of reinforcement for target responding, consistent with assertions of behavioral momentum theory. 相似文献
246.
ABSTRACT Film clips are commonly used to elicit subjectively experienced emotional states for many research purposes, but film clips currently available in databases are out of date, include a limited set of emotions, and/or pertain to only one conceptualization of emotion. This work reports validation data from two studies aimed to elicit basic and complex emotions (amusement, anger, anxiety, compassion, contentment, disgust, fear, happiness/joy, irritation, neutrality, pride, relief, sadness, surprise), equally distributed according to valence (positive, negative) and intensity (high, low). Participants rated film clips according to the degree of experienced emotion, and for valence and arousal. Our findings initiate an iterative archive of film clips shown here to discretely elicit 11 different emotions. Although further validation of these film clips is needed, ratings provided here should assist researchers in selecting potential film clips to meet the aims of their work. 相似文献
247.