Development of anti‐immigrant attitudes in adolescence: The role of parents,peers, intergroup friendships,and empathy

Ethnic and racial intergroup attitudes are assumed to develop due to the influence of socialization contexts. However, there is still little longitudinal evidence supporting this claim. We also know little about the relative importance of socialization contexts, the possible interplay between them as well as about the conditions and mechanisms that might underlie socialization effects. This longitudinal study of adolescents (N = 517) examined the effects of parents and peers’ anti‐immigrant attitudes as well as intergroup friendships on relative changes in adolescents’ anti‐immigrant prejudice, controlling for the effects of socioeconomic background. It also examined whether the effects of parents or peers would depend on adolescents’ intergroup friendships. In addition, it explored whether the effects of parents, peers, and intergroup friendships would be mediated or moderated by adolescents’ empathy. Results showed significant effects of parents, peers, intergroup friendships, and socioeconomic background on changes in youth attitudes, highlighting the role of parental prejudice. They also showed adolescents with immigrant friends to be less affected by parents and peers’ prejudice than youth without immigrant friends. In addition, results showed the effects of parents, peers, and intergroup friendships to be mediated by adolescents’ empathic concern. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

An Interactional Perspective on Coping with Intimate Partner Violence: Counterattack,Call for Help,or Give in and Obey Him?

This research reports on an investigation of if and how help-seeking women perceived that they had coped in intimate partner violence situations. Within a cross-sectional design, a representative sample of 157 help-seeking women in Norway was interviewed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results indicated that exposure to psychological, physical, and sexual intimate partner violence, respectively, did elicit different coping strategies in one and the same woman. There were also significant differences between women who perceived they had effective coping strategies and those who did not. This research suggests that a multivariate design within an interactional perspective could inform and enhance our understanding of coping strategies in intimate partner violence situations as complex, heterogeneous, and dynamic phenomena.     

社会情绪选择理论概述

个体对未来时间的感知会影响其社会动机、社会目标追求、情绪管理以及认知过程, 研究者对此提出了社会情绪选择理论, 认为对未来生命中所剩时间的感知是个体动机的组成部分, 影响着社会目标的优先性选择。当知觉到未来时间非常有限时, 优先选择以情绪调节为目标; 反之, 则偏向选择以获取知识为目标。社会情绪选择理论概述介绍了相关的基本假设和理论要点, 对其主要研究领域进行述评, 并指出未来研究中值得注意的几个方面。     

弈棋风格的眼动证据

以围棋业余棋手为被试,采用2（大局观：高分、低分）×2（机敏轻灵：高分、低分）的被试间设计,通过眼动分析技术来探寻机敏轻灵和大局观两个弈棋风格维度存在的眼动证据。结果表明：（1）机敏轻灵维度的高低可以从平均注视持续时间、平均眼跳幅度和注视次数三个眼动特征上加以区分;（2）大局观维度存在兴趣区数目、回视次数、眼跳次数、注视次数和平均注视持续时间等五个眼动指标。研究认为,眼动指标为弈棋风格的机敏轻灵和大局观两个维度的存在提供了客观证据。     

延迟满足：基于未来时间洞察力的自我调节

延迟满足是个体为获得更有价值的奖励结果,坚持目标行为而推迟即时性满足的倾向与行为。其产生机制在很大程度上基于未来取向的自我调节。未来时间洞察力对延迟满足的作用可由期望-价值理论、解释水平理论和自我调节周期模型等多种理论进行解释。除行为层面的机制,未来时间洞察力与延迟满足涉及腹侧额叶-纹状体环路等相似的脑机制。未来研究需深化和丰富延迟满足的理论机制,明确与时间洞察力各维度的复杂关系,探究与时间洞察力相同的生理神经机制,促进其应用于社会实践。     

未来时间洞察力、目标定向、社会联结与大学生学习适应

采用问卷调查的方法,对708名大学生的未来时间洞察力(FTP)、目标定向、社会联结与学习适应的关系进行研究.结果表明:(1)FTP、学习定向及社会联结与大学生学习适应显著正相关,成绩定向与学习适应显著负相关.(2)中介效应检验表明,行为承诺(FTP的行为倾向成分)、目的意识(FTP的认知成分)、未来意象(FTP的认知成分)以及社会联结对学习适应均有直接影响,同时行为承诺、未来意象以及社会联结还通过学习定向间接影响学习适应,目的意识还通过成绩定向间接影响学习适应;而未来效能与远目标定向(FTP的体验成分)不能有效预测大学生学习适应.     

Counsellors' perspectives on self-harm and the role of the therapeutic relationship for working with clients who self-harm

Aims: To gain insight into counsellors' experiences of and ideas about self-harm, and to develop understanding of relational depth when working with clients who self-harm. Method: A qualitative exploration of counsellors' perspectives on working with people who self-harm. The research proposal gained approval from the University Ethics Committee. Data were collected from a sample of counsellors who have experience of working with people who self-harm (n = 8) using tape-recorded interviews. Grounded Theory was used for analysis. Findings: Two major categories emerged from the findings: (i) the activity of self-harm; (ii) the therapeutic relationship with people who self-harm. These categories and sub-categories were integrated to form the core category. Implications: Counsellors have a valuable role to play in the lives of people who self-harm, by embodying confidentiality and so facilitating a sense of trust, by opening minds through acceptance, and by expanding knowledge through participation in research. Conclusions: In order to effectively accompany clients from a life of self-harm to a life of self-healing, counsellors must be aware of and responsive to the many concepts underpinning the emergent categories of the research.     

《周易》神韵的文化透视——《坤》“龙战于野”的再认识

“战”之词义,主要有两解：一曰交战,一曰交媾。本文认为“战”在哲学层面上体现为斗争与相合的统一,相合是其本质,“交战”义则违背了“生生之谓易”之至理;征之帛书《周易》和《焦氏易林》．认为“战”确有“交媾”义,怛“交媾”未能传达《易》“战”形神兼备之神韵：“战”既勃发着流宕不羁的野性,又凸现至情至睦之质;既充满情感,又饱含形象性,它是远古时代情蕴的写照。对于这样一个浓缩了《周易》精神的词汇,我们应该从哲学和情感两个层面上把握它。而不应该简单化、机械化地观照它。     

NONEMPIRICAL REALITY: TRANSCENDING THE PHYSICAL AND SPIRITUAL IN THE ORDER OF THE ONE

I describe characteristic phenomena of quantum physics that suggest that reality appears to us in two domains: the open and well‐known domain of empirical, material things—the realm of actuality—and a hidden and invisible domain of nonempirical, non‐material forms—the realm of potentiality. The nonempirical forms are part of physical reality because they contain the empirical possibilities of the universe and can manifest themselves in the empirical world. Two classes of nonempirical states are discussed: the superposition states of microphysical entities, which are nonempirical because observation destroys them, and the virtual states of material systems, which are nonempirical because they are empty. The non‐empirical part to physical reality represents a predetermined and hidden order that exists before it is empirical, and the visible world is an emanation out of it. I discuss consequences for our understanding of human nature, the origin of life, and human values. Reality is an indivisible wholeness that is aware of its processes, like a Cosmic Spirit, and it reveals its awareness in the mindlike properties of elementary processes as well as in the human consciousness. Thus, one is led to G. W. F. Hegel's thesis that the Cosmic Spirit is thinking in us.