Don't Predict the Future–Direct it! Comments on the intellectual history,the Logical and Applicative Visibility,and the Underlying Assumptions of Directed Evolution (DE)

The best way to predict the future is to invent it.

—Alan Kay ¹ 1. Alan Kay is one of the inventors of the Smalltalk programming language and one of the originators of the idea of Object Oriented Programming. He is the conceiver of the laptop computer and the architect of the modern windowing GUI.

It is obvious that there are patterns of cultural change—evolution in the neutral sense—and any theory of cultural change worth more than a moment's consideration will have to be Darwinian in the minimal sense of being consistent with the theory of evolution by natural selection of Homo sapiens.

—Daniel Dennett ² 2. Daniel C. Dennett is a Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University. He is the author of several books, including Consciousness Explained (1991), Darwin's Dangerous Idea (1995), and Kinds of Minds (1996). This quote is taken from his forward to Darwinizing Culture (Aunger 2000 Aunger, R. 2000. Darwinizing culture: The status of memetics as a science, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.  [Google Scholar], ix).

The future is here. It's just not widely distributed yet.

—William Gibson ³ 3. In the early 1980s William Gibson wrote Neuromancer, coining the term “cyberspace” to describe computer-generated virtual realities long before we saw the similarities with today's Internet.

It is the magician's wand, by means of which he may summon into life whatever form and mould he pleases.

—Charles Darwin commenting on the power of artificial selection ⁴ 4. Here Darwin is explaining the power of artificial selection and its potential for the directed evolution of biological systems (domestication and commercially oriented breeding) in his Origin of Species (1859, 68).      

Counseling in Australia: Past,Present, and Future

The author describes the evolution of the counseling profession in Australia within the broader historic and sociocultural context. The process of professionalization is outlined, particularly over the past 15 years, and data on the demographic, professional, and practice characteristics of counselors are reviewed. Future professional directions and challenges are explored.     

Conceptualising Decadent Technology: A Case Study of Path Dependence in Radiotherapy

Abstract

Large-scale investments in health technologies often have limited evidence for effectiveness when first introduced. Nevertheless, professional and public discourses often present the advantages of such investments, with unknown risks, as necessary and entailing significant improvement. Such discourses are evident with the introduction of the Linac Adapted Conebeam Imager (LACI), introduced to improve the accuracy of radiotherapy treatments. From one perspective, the introduction of such technologies can be considered to be decadent since there is limited, if any, evidence of improvement of current standards and procedures, yet they are promoted as the latest and best technologies for solving societal problems. Connecting the concepts of decadence to those of path dependence, through the case of the LACI, enables the exploration of the ‘technical interrelatedness’ of technological changes. Building on the concept of path dependence, it is possible to demonstrate how introducing a closely related technology does not only become a low-risk course of action. Rather change is demanded (but not determined) as well as potential alternative systems being obscured. With decadent technologies, any future changes are not only dependent upon past introductions; but also they create a need for future changes. Such a view demonstrates how these technologies may not necessarily offer any improvements, but rather contribute to the creation of ongoing demand for unproven technologies. As a result they may encourage the introduction of increasingly complex technologies.     

Psychoanalytic identity and the external world: Interaction between psychoanalysis and health service systems in Sweden

Abstract

This paper continues the exploration of the clinical phenomenon of analytic contact. The author demonstrates, through case material, the essential ingredients of psychoanalysis to be not frequency or use of the couch, but rather the moment-to-moment analysis of the patient's transference state and phantasies of what it means to establish relational contact with their objects and with themselves. The nature of the treatment can be shaped, prevented, perverted, or fostered by the patient's phantasies and unconscious conflicts into something more analytic or less analytic. Interpretation needs to include the exploration of the patient's attempts to change the treatment into something that is often a replica or a repetition of archaic object relations. The typical patient in psychoanalytic treatment is struggling with rather profound pathology and as such tends to create a significant stand-off with the analyst when analytic contact is forming. Analytic contact is often threatening to these patients in very primitive and alarming ways that must be gradually understood and interpreted if the treatment is to survive and remain a primarily analytic journey rather than be transformed into a more supportive counseling or a pathological re-enactment of conflictual phantasy states.     

I3模型视角下个体行为的表达机制

I³模型塑造了一个解释个体行为的理论框架, 认为所有的行为都来自刺激、驱力和抑制三个因素的组合, 任何一个因素都可以独立于其余两个而变化, 其结构是由一个结果(行为)、一个中介(行为倾向)和三个因素(刺激、驱力和抑制)组成的12条路径的综合模型。这12条路径通过描述18个问题来预测个体在具体背景下的行为机制, 比如攻击行为、进食行为等。为有效促进该理论的应用, 文章对该理论的合理性、科学性、独特价值, 以及存在的问题进行评价, 并进一步提出未来的研究方向。     

领导幽默的影响效果及其理论解释

领导幽默(leader humor), 作为一种有效的管理工具和手段, 近年来受到了理论界和实务界的广泛关注。在回顾领导幽默概念的基础上, 深入探究了领导幽默的影响效果及其作用机制, 总结发现领导幽默相关研究主要围绕七种视角展开, 分别是关系过程视角、社会交换理论、社会信息加工理论、关系认同视角、积极情绪视角、压力释放视角以及领导风格类型视角。未来研究应基于互动和结构的视角探讨领导幽默的影响效果以及基于社会信息加工理论关注领导幽默的作用机制。     

发现问题是医学创新的起点

临床医学是一门充满着创造和活力的科学,而发现问题、发现特殊性,是临床医学创新的起点。     

Influence of Therapist Behaviors on Therapeutic Alliance

A number of recent studies have investigated the relationship between therapist and client gender and conversation in marriage and family therapy. There has also been recent empirical investigation of therapeutic alliance and its influence on therapy outcome in marriage and family therapy. However, there has been limited investigation of the influence of interactional patterns on therapeutic alliance. It seems probable that therapy conversation (which seems to be influenced by gender) will influence therapeutic alliance and subsequent outcome.     

和平心理学：历史、模型和展望

和平心理学是近20年在心理学内部兴起的一种以和平心理研究实现世界和平愿景的心理学运动,主要经历了孕育、萌生、形成等三个阶段。目前最具影响力的理论模型主要包括三维和平理论模型、和平自我理论模型、过程式多维积极和平理论模型。和平心理学使心理学的和平研究价值得到回归,扩大了心理学的研究视野。未来的和平心理学理论需要突破资本主义制度内自我改良式的局限,提升到马克思主义和平本质理论的高度,需要加强与积极心理学、社会心理学的跨领域整合、重视多元方法的运用、进行更多的实证研究、考虑跨文化因素的影响。结合我国当前外交、军事、国内社会现状,在我国开展和平外交心理研究、转型期社会和平稳定发展心理研究,将势在必行、大有作为。