Parents' Explanations of Their Child's Performance in Mathematics and Reading: A Replication and Extension of Yee and Eccles

This study was conducted to examine whether Finnish parents would endorse the the classic gender-related attribution pattern and explain their son's mathematical performance in terms of talent and their daughter's in terms of effort. In addition, we examined whether the pattern of attributions would be the opposite in regard to parental explanations of their child's reading performance. A group of parents (N = 486), both mothers and fathers, were requested to assess the level of competence of their 1st grader in mathematics and reading. The parents were also asked to recall events from their child's 1st school year in which the child succeeded and failed in mathematics and reading; they were then asked to evaluate the importance of talent, effort, and task to the child's outcomes. The parents of boys assessed their child's mathematical competence to be higher than did the parents of girls. Furthermore, the parents of boys rated talent as a more important reason for their child's mathematical success than did the parents of girls. In contrast, the parents of girls rated effort as a more important reason for their child's mathematical success. Although the girls were perceived to surpass boys in reading, the girls' positive outcomes in reading were explained by effort more than the boys' outcomes, and at the highest level of assessed competence, the boys' verbal talent was rated as a more significant cause of success in reading than the girls' verbal talent. In sum, our results suggested that in both mathematics and reading, girls were not entitled to ability-based attribution to the same extent as were boys.     

供给诱导需求研究综述

主要从概念界定、研究方法、解释假说与理论模型以及主要研究结论等方面对供给诱导需求的相关研究进行综述。虽然国外学者对供给诱导需求进行了大量研究,但是在理论和实证研究方面,还没有形成一致意见。尽管如此,借鉴国外的研究方法和结论,针对我国医疗卫生体制中的供给诱导需求问题进行研究将具有重要意义。     

论心理学中的还原论

心理学中的还原论主要指方法论意义上的“理论的还原论”,可分为心理学理论向物理学、生理学与生物学理论还原等三种还原论类型。它并不像其攻击者所误解的那样,就是本体论的还原论、必然导致决定论、与整体论截然对立或者仅仅就是还原方法。相反地,还原论是研究心理现象的重要途径,与方法论的多元主义并行不悖,符合人类进行认识的规律。只要使用者注意其适用的边界条件,还原论还是不失为心理学研究的一种不错的“没有选择的选择”。     

中国老乡心理效应的理论探索与实证研究

老乡心理的本质是祖籍族群认同。中国人的老乡心理表现在离开家乡到外地后对家乡的怀念、对家乡人的依恋、对家乡方言的认同、老乡之间的相互帮助行为乃至老乡之间的组织行为。研究发现, 老乡心理效应由语言认同、文化认同、情感认同、习俗认同、地域认同等成分组成, 必备条件由中心因素和外围因素构成, 中心因素包括离家在外、地缘切近、文化趋同和相互扶持。采用群体参照效应的研究范式, 考察在本地和外地上学的大学生对老乡的参照效应, 发现被试在外地时, 参照本省(市)人加工的回忆成绩显著优于其他参照条件, 对本省(市)人表现出参照效应; 被试在本地时, 各参照条件下回忆成绩没有差异。老乡心理是形成区域心理性格的基础, 也是区域文化差异与人格差异相互作用的重要标志。老乡心理是民族认同、国家认同的心理基础。老乡认同的核心是社会文化认同, 社会文化认同以语言认同为内核。     

中国区域跨文化心理学理论探索与实证研究

中国区域跨文化心理学是以文化学、社会学、人类学、人文地理学、社会心理学、跨文化心理学等学科理论为基础, 比较研究中国城乡区域、地理区域、历史区域、行政区域、生态区域等文化区域居民的个体心理和群体心理共同性和差异性的学科。采用系列问卷, 在2004年和2009年先后三次对甘肃省河西、河东汉族为主的地级市属各个县市区城乡居民以及蒙拢、湘拢的跨省域居民进行抽样调查。结果表明, 区域文化同一性和差异性以及具体的生态环境、生活方式、经济发展、政治体制、社会结构、教育水平、风俗习惯、风土人情等差异, 是影响区域居民心理健康、性格特质、社会态度、刻板印象等心理机能的重要变量。今后研究将着力进行学科理论完善和省际、县际比较研究, 更好地运用田野工作等方法, 揭示区域文化与心理行为之间的相互关系和作用机制, 形成理论模型, 为建设和谐社会提供理论依据。     

有关具身认知思潮的理论心理学思考

具身认知强调了心智或认知对身体及其感觉运动系统的依赖性。与传统认知心理学的符号加工模式不同的是, 它认为身体的构造和状态、身体的物理属性及其大脑与身体的特殊感觉—运动通道对认知具有塑造作用。认知既是具身的, 也是嵌入的, 大脑嵌入身体、身体嵌入环境, 构成了一体的认知系统。最初, 具身认知仅仅是一种反对笛卡尔身心二元论的哲学思潮, 经由认知科学哲学和理论心理学而逐渐进入了实验领域。具身认知研究充分利用了神经科学的方法和技术、数据和结论, 但是它并不主张把心理还原为生理或物理, 同时, 具身认知的神经科学取向仅仅给传统心理研究提供一个认识心智的新视角, 其目标并非取消行为水平的心理研究, 因此不会损害心理学的独立地位。     

Internet Discussion Forum Summary

Coline Covington, 'Comments on the Burghölzli Hospital Records of Sabina Spielrein'
Axel Hoffer, 'Jung's analysis of Sabina Spielrein and his use of Freud's free association method'     

Journal reviews

Psychoanalytic Dialogues
Lothane, Zvi. 'Tender love and transference: unpublished letters of C. G. Jung and Sabina Spielrein', International Journal of Psychoanalysis
Berman, Emanuel. 'Psychoanalytic supervision: the intersubjective development', International Journal of Psychoanalysis
Schimmel, Paul. '"It is myself that I remake": W. B. Yeats's self construction in life and poetry', British Journal of Psychotherapy
Joseph, Betty. 'Agreeableness as obstacle", International Journal of Psychoanalysis     

Book reviews

Books reviewed:
Hauke, Christopher Jung and the Postmodern. The Interpretation of Realities.
Covitz, Joel Visions in the Night: Jungian and Ancient Dream Interpretation.
Ferro, Antonino The Bi-Personal Field. Experiences in Child Analysis.
Keve, Tom Triad: the physicists, the analysts, the kabbalists.
Segal, Robert A. (ed.). Hero Myths: A Reader.
Green, André & Stern, Daniel Clinical and Observational Psychoanalytic Research: Roots of a Controversy.
Singer, Thomas (ed.). The Vision Thing: Myth, Politics and Psyche in the World.     

`Theoretical' and `Empirical' Reasoning Modes from the Neurological Perspective

Two modes of reasoning are used by humans – the `theoretical' (formal) and the `empirical' (non-formal), the first operating with inside-the-syllogism information, the second utilising out-of-the-syllogism information. Cross-cultural research (since Lévy-Bruhl, and especially after Luria) and developmental research (since Piaget) discovered respectively that members of `traditional' societies and children up to a certain age are able to operate only in the empirical mode.The paper brings together diverse discussions about usage of these modes in actual discourse (Ennis, Johnson-Laird, Moore, Olson, Ong, etc.). It concentrates on contradictory opinions as to whether contemporary individuals after they acquire the formal mode preserve and utilise the empirical mode. In this connection it discusses results of neurological experiments investigating performance in solving syllogisms under conditions of transitory suppression of the left or the right hemisphere (Deglin et al.) which demonstrated that one and the same person, depending on which hemisphere is suppressed, uses both strategies. The activated right hemisphere utilizes the `empirical' pattern, the activated left hemisphere utilizes the `logical' pattern. Thus both mechanisms of reasoning are present in the brain simultaneously, but each of them is controlled by different hemispheres.