Infant observation: A range of questions and challenges for contemporary psychoanalysis1

The author attempts to integrate several perspectives within the field of infant observation that reflect the analyst's personal experience as a clinician, as a professor at the analytic institute and as a researcher in the field of psychoanalysis. Can infant observation contribute to analytic technique, theory and training? If so, what would be the nature of such contribution? To answer these questions, the author reviews the literature on infant observation from Freud to the present, highlighting Latin American contributions to this subject. She makes reference to the role of technological innovations, which have allowed videotaping, repeated observations, temporal segmentation and computerized programs, thus giving rise to microanalytic research. This discussion prompts the question about the contributions made by systematic research to clinical practice. To tackle this question, the author presents both a clinical vignette taken from her personal experience, and the current debate on this subject as it appears in the work of Daniel Stern and André Green. Finally, she presents some conclusions that are part of an ongoing debate in the psychoanalytic field.     

"仁"——医德的元德

医德是医学道德的简称,具言之,它是指医务人员在医疗卫生服务的职业活动中应该具备的仁爱、救死扶伤等的品德,是道德德目在医务人员身上的内化,也是对医务人员必须具备的最起码的要求.我们评价一个医生,首先是直面他的医德,医德是医生形象的体现,没有医德的医生即使技艺再高超,也算不上一个完整意义上的医生,"无德不成医".事实上一个医德低下的医生,他的技艺也不会高超的.     

国外卫生“守门人”制度功能演变对我国的启示与思考

卫生体制的改革是令各国政府关注的世界性议题。对卫生系统的研究既要关注宏观结构的转变又要关注微观具体政策的功能,既要考虑政策实施的刚性又要注重发挥市场的配置效应。着重讨论非市场体制的代表英国、市场体制的代表美国、混合体制的代表澳大利亚三个国家“守门人”的特征功能,及不同时期其角色和功能的演变,尤其是对我国现行医疗体制的启示与思考。     

广西部分人群艾滋病相关知识态度调查

通过对广西部分人群在预防艾滋病知识和对艾滋病人态度方面的情况调查,了解我区开展艾滋病健康教育的现状,探讨完善我区艾滋病预防宣传教育体系的途径;我区部分人群预防艾滋病知识知晓率高低不够均衡;我区艾滋病预防宣传教育收效明显,但有待完善。     

燕齐圜钱的比较研究

战国晚期燕国和齐国铸行的方孔圆钱在形制、钱文等方面有着诸多相似之处,二国之圜钱联系密切。燕国圜钱的铸行晚于齐国,在币值的分等和铸造技术等方面也不如齐国进步。齐国圜钱为三等币值,燕国为二等币值;齐币已使用当时先进的叠铸技术,而燕币的铸造尚不见此法的应用。可以认定燕国圜钱是受到齐国圜钱的影响后产生的,这同齐襄王退燕以前燕国刀币对齐国货币强烈影响的态势有所不同。     

阴阳神化与继善成性——宋明儒对《系辞·上传》第五章第一节的阐释

《系辞·上传》第五章是《易传》中最重要的一章,而其释义适巧又未有定论。之所以未有定论,在于其丰富解读的可能性。本文取宋明儒对此章第一节的疏解,分为不相统属的三系五说。综括而言,如本章由阴阳变化之动力论"道",特殊处在于:既直接就天道论述,但又从切近可持的"阴、阳"势能为论述点,则其论述法可划归于"即用显体"的方式。《系辞》之所谓"善",或由阴阳变化之生生不已立论,或由人之自觉地承继天道处言善。所谓"性",则或从万物所受命于阴阳而成其具体生命处说;或由万物之既成之后,复归于天道处说;或由人(或万物)之自成乃因天道之赋性处说。本文既分别展示此节蕴义的丰富,且见此章可为《易传》形上学性格之标示,也表现宋明儒者间诠释立场的差异。     

汉-英和藏-汉-英双语者中、英文语码切换及代价研究

以汉—英和藏—汉—英双语者为被试,采用真假词判断范式,探讨中文和英文语码切换及代价。结果表明:(1)汉—英和藏—汉—英双语者中文语码切换代价不显著,英文语码切换代价显著;(2)汉—英和藏—汉—英双语者中、英文词加工差异显著,但语码切换趋势相同。这表明,加工方式和策略影响语言加工,不影响语码切换;语言熟练程度影响语码切换,两种语言的相对熟练程度决定切换代价的不对称性。     

面孔识别动态增益效应研究综述

近年来,研究者围绕动态面孔识别中的动态增益效应开展了一系列的研究。本文围绕面孔熟悉程度和面孔的活动类型两个方面对与动态增益效应有关的一系列动态面孔认知研究进行了总结,并对不同研究的差异进行了比较和分析。最后,对动态面孔认知规律、眼动模式和脑机制等研究方向上的发展进行了展望。     

Cortical Language Mapping in Epilepsy: A Critical Review

One challenge in dominant hemisphere epilepsy surgery is to remove sufficient epileptogenic tissue to achieve seizure freedom without compromising postoperative language function. Electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) of language was developed specifically to identify essential language cortex in pharmacologically intractable epilepsy patients undergoing left hemisphere resection of epileptogenic cortex. Surprisingly, the procedure remains unstandardized, and limited data support its clinical validity. Nevertheless, ESM for language mapping has likely minimized postoperative language decline in numerous patients, and has generated a wealth of data elucidating brain–language relations. This article reviews the literature on topographical patterns of language organization inferred from ESM, and the influence of patient characteristics on these patterns, including baseline ability level, age, gender, pathology, degree of language lateralization and bilingualism. Questions regarding clinical validity and limitations of ESM are discussed. Finally, recommendations for clinical practice are presented, and theoretical questions regarding ESM and the findings it has generated are considered.     

Thinking Without Words: An Overview for Animal Ethics

In Thinking without Words I develop a philosophical framework for treating some animals and human infants as genuine thinkers. This paper outlines the aspects of this account that are most relevant to those working in animal ethics. There is a range of different levels of cognitive sophistication in different animal species, in addition to limits to the types of thought available to non-linguistic creatures, and it may be important for animal ethicists to take this into account in exploring issues of moral significance and the obligations that we might or might not have to non-human animals. I am grateful for comments on an earlier version from Robert Francescotti and Clare Palmer.