自觉与他者——文化人类学对现代中医文化研究的启示

文化人类学最具“反思”精神,20世纪人类学的总特征是“我”和“他者”之间观察关系的改造.中医药文化的现代研究应当引入文化人类学中的“文化自觉”概念,应当在对中医历史传统回溯的基础上,建立现代文化的自我理解和自我价值认同.而文化人类学中“他者”对中医药文化研究提供的是另一种自我观察的方法,包括人的他者、文化的他者和历史的他者.现代中医文化研究可以运用文化人类学中的自我和他者的理念和方法,思考中医学现代性中的定位和发展.     

“他者”:护士职业精神的伦理诉求

护士职业精神是护士从业过程中所表现出的基本从业理念、价值取向、职业人格、职业准则及职业风尚的总和。“他者”是法国近代著名哲学家列维纳斯伦理学的核心概念,具有不同于“我”的绝对差异性、外在性和独特性。护士与患者的关系,一定程度上可以理解为“我”与“他者”的关系。从“他者”伦理视角探讨护士职业“他者”的精神内涵,通过分析临床中护士“他者”意识淡薄的具体表现,提出“他者”意识指导下护士职业精神的培养和提升路径:加强职业素养教育、营造人文护理氛围和深化护患沟通实践。     

北宋医理进展及渊源考述:以五脏辨证体系为线索

张仲景时期五脏证治概念界定边缘清晰,又能化整为零,分散于各具体证治。之后经六朝隋唐,杂病领域的积累致使内部有重新整合的刚性需求。而承载多层五脏辨证新说的七篇《大论》的出现切合发展时机。进入北宋之后,七篇《大论》没有立刻产生影响,直至仁宗时,由于国家校正医书局整理刊刻新《素问》才流行开来。随之而来,医家不断发挥新说。标志当时学术高度的是钱乙的《小儿药证直诀》,书中将化博为约、重新审察旧说、注重五脏辨证等北宋医学之新象发挥得淋漓尽致。北宋医理的突出进展,是发生于五脏辨证的学术脉络之下。     

The emergence and implementation of health goals

Abstract

Modern theorizing on goals is applied to an analysis of the implementation and the emergence of health goals. First, a model of action phases and its concomitant concepts of implemental mindsets and implementation intentions (Gollwitzer, 1990, 1993) are used to explore how the initiation of health goal directed behaviors can be facilitated and how the performance of health goal directed actions is enhanced. Second, recent theorizing on the psychology of thinking about the future (Oettingen, 1996; 1997) is employed to discuss conditions and processes of the emergence of health goals. It is suggested that contrasting positive fantasies about the future with reflections on the negative aspects of reality create binding health goals that reliably affect people's behaviors.     

Coordinating perspectives: De se and taste attitudes in communication

The received picture of linguistic communication understands communication as the transmission of information from speaker's head to hearer's head. This picture is in conflict with the attractive Lewisian view of belief as self-location, which is motivated by de se attitudes – first-personal attitudes about oneself – as well as attitudes about subjective matters such as personal taste. In this paper, I provide a solution to the conflict that reconciles these views. I argue for an account of mental attitudes and communication on which mental content and speech act content is understood as sets of multicentered worlds – roughly, possible worlds ‘centered’ on a sequence of individuals at a time. I develop a Stalnakerian model of communication based on multicentered worlds content, and I provide a suitable semantics for personal pronouns and predicates of personal taste. The resulting picture is one on which the point of conversation is the coordination of individual perspectives.     

The crying boss: Activating “human resources” through sensitivity training in 1970s Sweden

This article examines the introduction of “sensitivity training” to 1970s Swedish work life. Drawing upon a range of empirical materials, I explore the politics that were involved in the process of translating and adapting this group dynamic method to the Swedish context and consider how its proponents argued for its value. By approaching sensitivity training as an attempt to govern, shape, and regulate both human beings and the work organizations of which they were a part, I argue that sensitivity training presents an unexpectedly early example of a governing rationality that has elsewhere been described and theorized as “neoliberal.” The fact that sensitivity training was established in Swedish work life already in the early 1970s thus challenges the historiography of neoliberal modes of government, which have elsewhere been associated with a neoliberal shift in state policies occurring in the 1980s and 1990s. The article demonstrates how emotionally liberating practices in the late 1960s and early 1970s were embraced by some of the most politically influential actors in contemporary Swedish society, such as the corporate sector and the trade unions. As blue-collar trade unions and social democrats voiced increasingly far-reaching demands concerning workplace democracy and improved workplace conditions, advocates of sensitivity training presented their method as crucial to the process of “democratizing” and “humanizing” Swedish work life. Intimately associated with the new therapies of humanistic psychology, sensitivity training was used within the corporate sector to foster a more emotional and authentic leadership style that would embrace the values of emotional awareness, self-expression, and self-actualization. The crying boss emerged in this context as a key figure in the project of creating a “democratic” and psychologically satisfying organization. Yet, sensitivity training was also described as a means for companies to make better use of what was now asserted as their most important economic asset: the human being. From the outset, the idealistic vision of an emotionally liberated, democratic workplace was thus entangled with a specific kind of economic rationality, in which the emotionally liberated, self-actualizing individual emerged as a capital or asset that would be better utilized if the organization allowed—even encouraged—employees to engage in their own well-being and self-optimization.     

The integration problem for naive realism

This paper makes explicit the basic problem perfect hallucinations pose for perceptual naive realists, more fundamental than the well-trodden Screening-off Problem. The deeper problem offers the basis for an overarching classification of the available naive- realist-friendly approaches to perfect hallucinations. In the course of laying out the challenges to the different types of response, the paper makes a case for the superiority of a particular approach to perfect hallucinations, on which they would be understood as a special kind of perceptual anomaly—arising from a secondary mode of perceptual processing.     

基于身体理论的脑机接口技术道德责任审视

道德责任问题在脑机接口的伦理讨论中显得尤为重要和突出。在身体理论的理解下,脑机接口设备只能作为人的身体部分和依附,不具有成为道德主体的能力,人应该作为最终责任主体而存在。人的自主、身份认同等可能会对脑机接口应用中的道德责任认定带来一定的困惑,但是并不能对责任认定带来根本性影响,脑机接口技术应用的道德责任依然明确。脑机接口技术具有身体延伸特性,但延伸的特性也意味着延伸的道德责任,在道德责任分配中应该明确和细化相关道德责任。

     

6～14岁儿童对想象物的文字与图画描述

本研究采用开放式问卷法,通过调查810名6-14岁儿童头脑中想象物的文字与图画描述,考察了儿童想象发展的特点。结果发现：(1)儿童对想象物的文字与图画描述可以分划分为3种水平：表象的记忆水平、表象的再造水平和表象创造水平。其中,对想象物的文字描述水平,年龄发展趋势明显,从小学一至二年级之间和四到五年级之间的发展变化最大;而对想象物的图画描述水平,年龄发展趋势不明显。(2)根据儿童对想象物的文字描述和图画描述的发展的匹配程度,可以把儿童的想象发展分为3种类型：文字与图形符号均衡发展型、文字符号型和图形符号型。     

社会认同对抑郁的影响及其理论解释

社会认同作为个体在群际和内群体层面的社会联结,总体上对抑郁产生了积极影响,表现为认同程度、认同重要性、认同群体数量以及认同变化的影响等4个方面。现有研究从需求、认知和行为层面探讨了社会认同影响抑郁的中介因素,并检验了身份认同动机和消极群体评价两个调节因素。社会认同视角下的4种理论分别从社会医治、心理资源、认同变化以及认同层次等不同角度解释了社会认同影响抑郁的心理机制。未来应厘清社会认同对抑郁的深层影响机制,重视社会认同影响抑郁的调节因素,及建构社会认同影响抑郁的能动-共生模型。