汉语阅读中眼跳目标选择单元以及词汇加工方式：来自消失文本的实验证据

应用EyelinkⅡ眼动仪, 通过两项消失文本实验分别考察了汉语阅读过程中眼跳的目标选择单元以及词汇加工方式。实验一操纵注视点上字和词的呈现方式, 发现中文读者以词为基本单元对注视点及其右侧文本信息进行加工, 且保持词的视知觉完整性对词内再注视眼跳和词间眼跳都有着非常重要的作用; 汉语阅读的眼动模式符合认知控制模型的预测。实验二操纵注视点左侧和右侧单词的呈现与消失, 结果显示在对词n注视持续50~55 ms后词n-1消失将严重影响被试的阅读, 词n+1和词n+2的消失均不影响总阅读时间, 但会导致读者的眼动模式发生改变, 说明中文读者可以并列加工阅读知觉广度内的词汇。     

Learnings from a qualitative study into counselling supervision: Listening to supervisor and supervisee

This paper draws on the authors' recent experience of piloting qualitative research into helpful and hindering events in supervision using interpersonal process recall with three supervisor‐supervisee dyads. This paper presents in some detail the findings from one dyad. The authors draw on their experience of the research to raise questions relating to ethics and methodology and the implications for practice are considered.     

Complete Axiomatizations for Reasoning about Knowledge and Branching Time

Sound and complete axiomatizations are provided for a number of different logics involving modalities for the knowledge of multiple agents and operators for branching time, extending previous work of Halpern, van der Meyden and Vardi [to appear, SIAM Journal on Computing] for logics of knowledge and linear time. The paper considers the system constraints of synchrony, perfect recall and unique initial states, which give rise to interaction axioms. The language is based on the temporal logic CTL*, interpreted with respect to a version of the bundle semantics.     

Further differentiating item and order information in semantic memory: students’ recall of words from the “CU Fight Song”, Harry Potter book titles,and Scooby Doo theme song

University of Colorado (CU) students were tested for both order and item information in their semantic memory for the “CU Fight Song”. Following an earlier study by Overstreet and Healy [(2011). Item and order information in semantic memory: Students’ retention of the “CU fight song” lyrics. Memory & Cognition, 39, 251–259. doi:10.3758/s13421-010-0018-3], a symmetrical bow-shaped serial position function (with both primacy and recency advantages) was found for reconstructing the order of the nine lines in the song, whereas a function with no primacy advantage was found for recalling a missing word from each line. This difference between order and item information was found even though students filled in missing words without any alternatives provided and missing words came from the beginning, middle, or end of each line. Similar results were found for CU students’ recall of the sequence of Harry Potter book titles and the lyrics of the Scooby Doo theme song. These findings strengthen the claim that the pronounced serial position function in semantic memory occurs largely because of the retention of order, rather than item, information.     

Maintenance of item and order information in verbal working memory

Although verbal recall of item and order information is well-researched in short-term memory paradigms, there is relatively little research concerning item and order recall from working memory. The following study examined whether manipulating the opportunity for attentional refreshing and articulatory rehearsal in a complex span task differently affected the recall of item- and order-specific information of the memoranda. Five experiments varied the opportunity for articulatory rehearsal and attentional refreshing in a complex span task, but the type of recall was manipulated between experiments (item and order, order only, and item only recall). The results showed that impairing attentional refreshing and articulatory rehearsal similarly affected recall regardless of whether the scoring procedure (Experiments 1 and 4) or recall requirements (Experiments 2, 3, and 5) reflected item- or order-specific recall. This implies that both mechanisms sustain the maintenance of item and order information, and suggests that the common cumulative functioning of these two mechanisms to maintain items could be at the root of order maintenance.     

Design and the digital Bible: persuasive technology and religious reading

This article analyses two ‘digital Bibles’, products that allow the user to engage with the Bible through the screen and speakers of his/her mobile phone, tablet or computer. Both products, ‘YouVersion’ and ‘GloBible’, have been created by Evangelical Christian companies. I argue that both are designed to train the user in traditional Evangelical Christian understandings of the work of reading. Digital media offer new opportunities to guide and influence the user, and this article applies the concepts of ‘persuasive technologies’ and ‘procedural rhetoric’ to analyse the design intentions of the two digital Bibles. This approach helps us to appreciate the significance of the material form of a sacred text as a vehicle for religious socialisation and raises important questions about the potential for digital media to re-shape traditional relationships of power in Evangelical Christian communities.     

Examining the home advantage in the National Hockey League: Comparisons among regulation,overtime, and the shootout

ObjectivesTo investigate the magnitude of the home advantage in the National Hockey League (NHL) as games proceeded from regulation, to overtime, to the shootout, while adjusting for team quality.DesignArchival.MethodBinary logistic regression analyses were conducted using data from the 2005–2006 through 2013–2014 NHL seasons (N = 10,534 games) to compare home teams’ odds of winning in regulation, overtime, and the shootout.ResultsCompared to games decided in regulation, higher quality home teams' odds of winning were slightly lower when games concluded in either overtime or the shootout. Further, regardless of team quality, home teams’ odds of winning were moderately lower when games concluded in the shootout rather than overtime.ConclusionsThe shootout may affect home team players' psychological and behavioural states, generally resulting in a decrease in home teams’ odds of winning in the shootout relative to overtime.     

多媒体学习中图文加工的认知神经机制

多媒体学习的认知理论和图文理解整合模型指出, 多媒体学习中图片和文字在早期阶段的加工遵循双通道假设, 在晚期不同表征的信息进行整合完成知识建构。理论上的探讨得到了神经科学实证研究的支持。脑成像研究发现, 图、文加工在早期的前语义阶段存在差异, 但晚期的信息整合阶段共享了同一语义系统。事件相关电位研究也发现在早期图片诱发了独特的N300成分, 而晚期图、文均诱发了N400效应。尽管现有研究已经明确了图、文共享同一语义系统, 但是信息是如何在这一系统中进行整合的还需要进一步的研究。     

影响图式归纳和类比迁移的三因素实验研究

该研究探讨被试的认知风格、源问题结构的清晰度及两个源问题间内容的相似性三者对图式归纳和类比迁移的影响。实验采用2×2×2的三因素完全随机设计。结果显示:(1)源问题图式表征的质量受到被试认知风格和源问题结构的清晰度两个变量的影响;(2)类比迁移的成绩只受到源问题结构清晰度的影响;(3)结构清晰的条件下,两类被试图式表征的质量无明显差异;结构不清晰的条件下,两类被试图式表征的质量出现明显差异。     

Dynamic Text Comprehension

Abstract— Reading is one of the most complex and uniquely human of cognitive activities. Our understanding of the processes and factors involved in text comprehension is quite impressive, but it also is fragmented, with a proliferation of "mini-theories" for specific components that in reality are intertwined and interact with one another. Theories of dynamic text comprehension (DTC) aim to capture the integration of these components. They depict reading comprehension as an ongoing process involving fluctuations in the activation of concepts as the reader proceeds through the text, resulting in a gradually emerging interpretation of the material. Features of texts and characteristics of the reader jointly and interactively affect these fluctuations, influencing and being influenced by the reader's understanding and memory of what is read. We illustrate the DTC approach by describing one theory, called the Landscape model, and summarize how its simulations match empirical data. We conclude with some implications of the DTC framework for basic and applied reading research.