工作记忆与小学生文本产生、书写活动的关系

以小学三、六年级学生为被试,考察工作记忆与小学生文本产生、书写活动之间的关系。结果表明．工作记忆中的储存、加工功能对小学生写作的影响不同,储存功能主要与书写活动有关,加工功能主要与文本产生有关,储存与加工相对独立。随年级增长,小学生工作记忆的加工水平逐步提高。     

What Eye Movements Tell About Identifying Compound Words in Reading and Top-Down Effects in Reading Long Texts

InthisarticleIsummarizetwolinesofeyemovementresearchthatwehaveconductedoverthepastseveralyearsinFinland.Onelineofre鄄searchdealswithhowcompetentadultreadersi鄄dentifycompoundwordsduringreading.Theotherlineofresearchdealswithhowaspecificreadinggoal(wecallitthereadingperspective)influencesthewayalongexpositorytextisreadandwhatisrememberedofthetext*.Inbothlinesofresearchwehaveappliedtheeyemovementtechniquebyregisteringreaders'eyemovementswhentheyreadsilentlysinglesentencesorlongertextsforcom鄄pr…     

A Distributed Representation of Temporal Context

The principles of recency and contiguity are two cornerstones of the theoretical and empirical analysis of human memory. Recency has been alternatively explained by mechanisms of decay, displacement, and retroactive interference. Another account of recency is based on the idea of variable context (Estes, 1955; Mensink & Raaijmakers, 1989). Such notions are typically cast in terms of a randomly fluctuating population of elements reflective of subtle changes in the environment or in the subjects' mental state. This random context view has recently been incorporated into distributed and neural network memory models (Murdock, 1997; Murdock, Smith, & Bai, 2001). Here we propose an alternative model. Rather than being driven by random fluctuations, this formulation, the temporal context model (TCM), uses retrieval of prior contextual states to drive contextual drift. In TCM, retrieved context is an inherently asymmetric retrieval cue. This allows the model to provide a principled explanation of the widespread advantage for forward recalls in free and serial recall. Modeling data from single-trial free recall, we demonstrate that TCM can simultaneously explain recency and contiguity effects across time scales.     

文章标记效应的初步实验研究

探讨文章阅读过程中文章宏观标记与微观标记对文章不同类型信息保持的影响．包括两个实验。结果表明,文章宏观标记对文章主题信息的保持有显著的促进效应,而且,这种促进效应可以扩散到从属信息的保持上;文章微观标记对文章主题信息的保持无明显的促进效应,对被标记的文章具体信息的保持则有显著的促进效应。但不存在扩散效应。本研究结果初步表明,读者利用文章宏观标记建构文章主题的表征,并且以一种自上而下的方式指导文章信息的回忆;通过利用文章微观标记建构文章具体信息的表征,指导具体信息的回忆。     

Effects of Guided Notes on University Students' Responding and Recall of Information

The present study assessed the effects of guided notes on student responding and accuracy of recall of lecture material in an undergraduate psychology class using multi-element design. Guided notes were administered for approximately half of the class sessions on a random schedule. Data were collected on the frequency of student responses and daily quizzes were administered to assess accuracy of recall of information presented in the lecture. Results indicated higher mean quiz scores and response frequencies during the guided notes condition. Social validity questionnaires administered to participants revealed satisfaction with results and procedures.     

Sources of Bias in Memory for Emotions

How accurately can people remember how they felt in the past? Although some investigators hold that emotional memories are resistant to change, we review evidence that current emotions, appraisals, and coping efforts, as well as personality traits, are all associated with bias in recalling past emotions. Bias occurs as memories of emotional states are updated in light of subsequent experience and goals. Biased memories in turn influence future plans and emotions, and may contribute to the formation of enduring personality traits. People's memories for emotions provide highly condensed and accessible summaries of the relevance of past experiences to current goals.     

消失文本条件下注视点右侧词对中文阅读影响的眼动研究

采用消失文本范式,考察在中文阅读过程中注视点右侧词对阅读的影响。实验一发现,若读者所注视的双字词及其右侧词在80ms后同时消失,则会对其正常阅读产生干扰。实验二排除了当前注视词消失可能存在的效应,即让右侧词在80ms后单独消失,结果仍发现会干扰正常阅读。另外,在两个实验中均发现了显著的词频效应。这些结果不仅支持眼动的认知控制模型,还证实注视点右侧词的加工对顺利阅读具有重要性。     

Chinese deaf adolescents' free recall of taxonomic, slot-filler, and thematic categories

Four experiments were conducted to show that deaf adolescents tended to process information in different ways from hearing adolescents. Memorizing items sequentially shown on computer screens under the control of their articulators' movements, deaf adolescents tended to treat items that cohered as taxonomic, thematic, or slot-filler categories as isolated pieces of information. Having to perceive information by means of sign language, however, their achievements were not worse than those of hearing adolescents anymore, no matter whether the stimuli were presented as words or pictures. They could not only utilize categories relations to help memorize categories exemplars but were relatively better aware of slot-filler or thematic than taxonomic relations as well, suggesting that they had a relatively delayed development of taxonomic category representations in comparison with hearing adolescents.     

Tinnitus and short-term serial recall in stable versus intermittent masking conditions

The relation between tinnitus and short-term memory performance in varying background sounds is not well understood. In the present study a sample of 18 persons with tinnitus completed a serial recall test in three conditions, silence, masking and intermittent masking. The performance of a matched control group without tinnitus was also investigated. Based on the literature on the "irrelevant sound effect" we expected that the tinnitus group would perform worse during intermittent masking and that they would score lower overall compared to the control group. Results revealed no statistically significant differences between the groups, nor any group interaction within sound conditions for the serial recall test. Groups did however differ regarding subjective measures of concentration problems, anxiety and depression. Results are discussed in relation to thought suppression and distraction from tinnitus.     

语篇理解中动允性信息的提取

通过三个实验考察了读者在语篇理解中对动允性(affordance)信息的提取状况, 以及动允性在阅读理解中的意义。实验一的结果表明, 被试在阅读理解中, 会自发地提取语篇中的动允性信息, 并围绕着动允性信息组织其他信息; 在IEF中的解析过程中, 动允性信息对其他信息有组织作用。实验二的结果表明, 被试在阅读理解中能够直接提取动允性信息。实验三的结果表明, 被试在阅读理解中存在两条提取动允性信息的通路, 一条是直接提取动允性信息, 另一条是先提取属性信息再推导出动允性信息, 选择哪条通路取决于被试是否得到了属性信息。三个实验的结果表明, 阅读理解中的动允性与知觉过程中的动允性存在着相当大的相似性。