Socio-cognitive,expertise-based and appearance-based accounts of the other-‘race’ effect in face perception: A label-based systematic review of neuroimaging results

Two competing theories explain the other-‘race’ effect (ORE) either by greater perceptual expertise to same-‘race’ (SR) faces or by social categorization of other-‘race’ (OR) faces at the expense of individuation. To assess expertise and categorization contributions to the ORE, a promising—yet overlooked—approach is comparing activations for different other-‘races’. We present a label-based systematic review of neuroimaging studies reporting increased activity in response to OR faces (African, Caucasian, or Asian) when compared with the SR of participants. Hypothetically, while common activations would reflect general aspects of OR perception, ‘race’-preferential ones would represent effects of ‘race’-specific visual appearance. We find that several studies report activation of occipito-temporal and midcingulate areas in response to faces across different other-‘races’, presumably due to high demand on the visual system and category processing. Another area reported in response to all OR faces, the caudate nucleus, suggests the involvement of socio-affective processes and behavioural regulation. Overall, our results support hybrid models—both expertise and social categorization contribute to the ORE, but they provide little evidence for reduced motivation to process OR faces. Additionally, we identify areas preferentially responding to specific OR faces, reflecting effects of visual appearance.     

Hermeneutics and Experiences of the Body. The Case of Low Back Pain

The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the notion of clinical medicine as a hermeneutical enterprise and to bridge the gap between the general perspectives of hermeneutics and the particularities of medical practice. The case of a patient with low back pain is analyzed. The discussion centers around the metaphor of the patient as a text and a model of five social discourses about low back pain. The problems addressed are: (1) the nature of a moral experience, (2) the variety of available texts, (3) the difference between the doctor's and patient's narratives, and (4) the patient's and doctor's responsibility regarding the existential, biographical meaning of an illness. Although many problems are left unsolved, it is argued that from a philosophical point of view the notion of medicine as a hermeneutical enterprise opens up the possibility of gaining insight in the foundations of the clinical encounter.     

兴趣对文章理解的作用

研究兴趣对文章理解的作用,其主要目的是：（１）提出一种新的兴趣理论;（２）研究兴趣对文章理解的作用效果;（３）探讨阅读过程中兴趣和背景知识之间的关系。二项实验研究基本证实下列假设：（１）兴趣对文章的理解具有显著的促进作用;（２）兴趣高的读者对所读内容表现出更强的推理能力;（３）兴趣高的读者在阅读中会表现出更高的元认知水平;（４）兴趣对文章理解的促进作用相对独立于背景知识的影响。     

Framed writing of argumentative monologues by sixteen-and seventeen-year-old students

When 16- and 17-year-old students are required to write a framed argumentative text which first supports position A and then supports an opposing position B, the familiarity of the debated topic seems to determine the argumentative quality of the texts produced. Indeed, the possibility of getting personally involved in the discourse leads to more effective writing strategies and to the use of typical marks of argumentation.     

Secondary generalization and categorization in pigeons

In Experiment 1, one group of pigeons learned to classify a set of stimuli into the human language classes cat, flower, car, and chair (categorization); another group learned to classify the same set into arbitrary classes (pseudocategorization). Then, both groups were trained on a new categorization task and their performance compared to that of a control group that had no initial classification training. Hull's (1943) notion of secondary generalization (generalization that is not based on physical similarity but on mediating associations) predicts that categorization experience will facilitate the learning of a new categorization task, whereas pseudocategorization experience will impair it. However, in Experiment 1, performance on the new categorization task was not differently affected by prior experience. In Experiment 2, pigeons initially trained to classify a set of 48 stimuli (original training) were later trained to classify a subset of four of these stimuli using new responses (reassignment training). Then, they were tested on the 44 remaining stimuli. Performance better accorded with original than with reassignment training, indicating that categorization training did not lead to the formation of equivalence classes of stimuli, in which the equivalence relationship is mediated by secondary generalization. The lack of evidence of secondary generalization implies that our pigeons failed to meet Lea's (1984) criterion for conceptual behavior.     

Emmanuel Levinas and the New Science of Judaism

This article addresses Emmanuel Levinas's re‐conceptualization of Jewish identity by examining his response to a question he himself poses: “In which sense do we need a Jewish science?” First, I attend to Levinas's critique of modern science of Judaism, particularly as it was understood in the critical approaches of the nineteenth‐century school of thought, Wissenschaft des Judentums. Next, I detail Levinas's own constructive proposal that would, in his words, “enlarge the science of Judaism.” He retrieved classical textual sources that modern Judaism had neglected, while at the same time he enlarged Judaism's relevance beyond a historical community by turning to phenomenology as a rigorous science. Finally, I conclude with some reflections on the broader implications of this new science of Judaism for Jewish ethics and identity in a post‐war period.     

中文故事阅读中预期与前后向推理的关系

通过3项实验,考察了中文故事阅读中前后向推理的差异及其与预期的关系。采用3×2独立设计,以反应时为指标,以较长的语篇为实验材料,分别利用核证法与命名法进行了实验一和二。实验三在实验二的基础上,用2×2独立设计,并根据实验目的修改了实验材料。实验一的结果显示,前向推理和后向推理差异显著;实验二的结果则是前向推理和后向推理无显著差异,而且预期的3个水平在前后向推理上均无显著差异;实验三的结果表明,在预期与前后向推理间距离近和预期句详述的情况下,预期与前后向推理产生了交互作用     

图形拓扑性质对相似性判断和分类的影响

使用Stevens数量估计法研究了限时和不限时呈现材料条件下,图形的平面几何特征和拓扑特征对相似性判断及分类的影响。结果表明：（1）材料特征对图形的相似性估计的影响显著,平面几何特征的差异对应着更大的差异估计量。（2）呈现方式对平面几何特征差异的估计影响大,而并不影响对拓扑差异的估计。（3）男性对拓扑特征差异的估计较女性大;对平面几何特征差异的估计没有显著的性别差异。（4）不限时呈现时被试倾向于按平面几何特征分类;限时呈现时倾向于按拓扑特征分类。     

文本阅读研究的技术模型和新观点

文本阅读心理研究一直是心理学界广泛关注的课题。从20世纪30年代第一个严格的文本阅读实验至今,这一领域的研究方法和技术模型不断进步,具体理论和实际应用不断成熟。到目前为止,文本阅读领域已经形成了庞大的体系。作者首先对文本阅读研究中常用的技术模型进行了梳理,从目标、空间、时间、因果和主角五个方面分别对其进行了介绍。在此基础上,文章评述了文本阅读研究的两种新观点,即文本阅读的双加工理论和知觉符号理论。最后作者对文本阅读研究的未来趋势进行了展望     

义符在中文名词和动词分类中的作用

通过3个实验,考察了义符在中文名词和动词分类中的作用。实验1表明,义符提供了重要的语法种类信息,在中文名词和动词分类中有重要作用。当义符与词类一致时分类快,与词类相反时对分类起干扰作用。实验2表明,高频词分类时间短,错误率亦低。义符和词频有显著的交互作用,义符对低频词分类作用更大。实验3表明,具体性高的词分类时间短,错误率亦低。义符和具体性之间无显著的交互作用。整个研究表明,义符不仅是结构的“块”,也是语义的“块”,还是语法的“块”。所以如此,与中文名词和动词的结构特点有关。中文名词大多用义符标记事物的物质组成,动词大多用义符标记动作发出的器官或完成动作的工具。义符的语法意义的发现丰富了中文和中文认知的理论,对中文教学也有重要启示