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131.
O'Toole C Barnes-Holmes D Smyth S 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2007,88(2):263-283
Participants were trained in a series of interrelated conditional discriminations that aimed to establish four 4-member equivalence classes (i.e., A1-B1-C1-D1, A2-B2-C2-D2, A3-B3-C3-D3, A4-B4-C4-D4). During this training, the four A stimuli (i.e., A1, A2, A3, and A4) were compounded with pictures containing positive or negative evaluative functions (A1/A2 negative & A3/A4 positive). The transfer of evaluative functions to directly and indirectly related members of the equivalence classes (i.e., B, C, and D stimuli) was measured using an Implicit Association Test (IAT). During consistent test blocks, participants were required to press the same response key for target words that were related to those A stimuli that possessed similar evaluative functions (A1/A2-left key & A3/A4-right key). During inconsistent test blocks, target words that were related to those A stimuli with different evaluative functions were assigned to the same response key (A1/A4-left key & A2/A3-right key). Results showed that all 8 participants, who passed a matching-to-sample equivalence test following the IAT, responded more rapidly on consistent relative to inconsistent test blocks. This typical IAT effect was not observed for those participants who did not pass the equivalence test. The results suggest that the IAT effect may arise from formally untested derived relations, and supports the argument that such relations could provide a valid behavioral model of semantic categories in natural language. 相似文献
132.
Harry Brighouse 《Res Publica》2007,13(2):147-158
This paper is an engagement with Equality by John Baker, Kathleen Lynch, Judy Walsh and Sara Cantillon. It identifies a dilemma for educational egalitarians, which
arises within their theory of equality, arguing that sometimes there may be a conflict between advancing equality of opportunity
and providing equality of respect and recognition, and equality of love care and solidarity. It argues that the latter values
may have more weight in deciding what to do than traditional educational egalitarians have usually thought. 相似文献
133.
Meike Watzlawik 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2009,43(3):214-220
Unexpected empirical findings lead Schwarz (2009) to question current methodological approaches within psychology. He claims that distribution anomalies, which cannot be
explained by independent variables, actually prove an error in classical test theory, which then leads him to criticize current
scientific conventionalism. In this commentary, it is shown that the current university system not only uses, but often reproduces conventionalism.
It is, of course, necessary to teach certain techniques and tools to future psychologists, but using these critically seem
to be essential in preventing scientific approaches turn into ideologies that are or must not be questioned—even if this is sometimes less threatening to one’s identity as a scientist/psychologist. This is true
for all sciences, but understanding the bio-psycho-social interdependencies of human nature (ambiguities), as Schwarz describes it, seems to be a particular challenge that is in many
ways different from other disciplines. Instead of striving to be like them, it is suggested we establish an ambiguity-accepting
and critical environment in psychology in which theories and approaches are not considered final but temporary to foster change
and progress.
Meike Watzlawik is a research scholar at Clark University in Worcester, MA, and leader of the Brunswick Sibling Project (based at the Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany). Her main research interests are identity development in adolescence and family relations. She is also still working in the field of sexual identity development, the research area in which she earned her Ph.D. In the past years, she has focused on sibling relationships, especially those of twins, as part of her postdoctoral lecturer qualification (Habilitation). 相似文献
Meike WatzlawikEmail: |
Meike Watzlawik is a research scholar at Clark University in Worcester, MA, and leader of the Brunswick Sibling Project (based at the Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany). Her main research interests are identity development in adolescence and family relations. She is also still working in the field of sexual identity development, the research area in which she earned her Ph.D. In the past years, she has focused on sibling relationships, especially those of twins, as part of her postdoctoral lecturer qualification (Habilitation). 相似文献
134.
Abstract: In test operations using IRT (item response theory), items are included in a test before being used to rate subjects and the response data is used to estimate their item parameters. However, this method of test operation may lead to item content leakage and an adequate test operation can become difficult. To address this problem, Ozaki and Toyoda (2005, 2006 ) developed item difficulty parameter estimation methods that use paired comparison data from the perspective of the difficulty of items as judged by raters familiar with the field. In the present paper, an improved method of item difficulty parameter estimation is developed. In this new method, an item for which the difficulty parameter is to be estimated is compared with multiple items simultaneously, from the perspective of their difficulty. This is not a one-to-one comparison but a one-to-many comparison. In the comparisons, raters are informed that items selected from an item pool are ordered according to difficulty. The order will provide insight to improve the accuracy of judgment. 相似文献
135.
A Bayesian nonparametric model is introduced for score equating. It is applicable to all major equating designs, and has advantages
over previous equating models. Unlike the previous models, the Bayesian model accounts for positive dependence between distributions
of scores from two tests. The Bayesian model and the previous equating models are compared through the analysis of data sets
famous in the equating literature. Also, the classical percentile-rank, linear, and mean equating models are each proven to
be a special case of a Bayesian model under a highly-informative choice of prior distribution. 相似文献
136.
Coefficients Alpha,Beta, Omega,and the glb: Comments on Sijtsma 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
There are three fundamental problems in Sijtsma (Psychometrika, 2008): (1) contrary to the name, the glb is not the greatest lower bound of reliability but rather is systematically less than
ω
t
(McDonald, Test theory: A unified treatment, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, 1999), (2) we agree with Sijtsma that when considering how well a test measures one concept, α is not appropriate, but recommend ω
t
rather than the glb, and (3) the end user needs procedures that are readily available in open source software. 相似文献
137.
138.
本研究以上海行政区为划分标准,探讨了"上海人"和"非上海人"群体的地域刻板印象以及"内-外群体效应"。结果发现:(1)IAT结果表明,被试在不相容条件下的反应时显著高于相容条件(t(25)=3.282,p<0.01);(2)SEB结果表明,被试对于不符合刻板印象的句子做出解释的次数显著多于符合刻板印象的句子(t(73)=2.844,p<0.01),且不同地域来源的被试做出的内、外归因也有显著差异(t(72)=3.172,p<0.01)。研究采用两种测验方法证实了地域刻板印象的存在,并且通过实践验证了SEB作为内隐社会认知研究方法的有效性。 相似文献
139.
140.