A Note on the Interpolation Property in Tense Logic

It is proved that all bimodal tense logics which contain the logic of the weak orderings and have unbounded depth do not have the interpolation property.     

Value‐related goals and vocational choice: The effect of temporal distance

This field study examines the importance that people assign to value‐related goals in their vocational decisions. We focused on the interactive effects of temporal distance from the vocational decision and the level of abstraction of the goal. Soldiers rated the importance of value‐related goals for their vocational choice following their release from military service. They were presented with value‐driven, abstract, decontextualized goals and with value‐driven, concrete, job‐related goals. For half, vocational choice was temporally close, and for the rest, it was temporally distant. Temporal distance from the vocational decision interacted with the level of abstraction of the goals in predicting their importance: When construed in the abstract, the goals were deemed more important if the vocational decision was distant. When construed concretely, the goals were deemed more important if the vocational decision was proximate.     

Temporal differentiation of response duration in children of different ages: developmental changes in relations between verbal and nonverbal behavior.

Children aged 4.5, 7, or 11 years received an experimental session in which a contingency was placed on button-press duration. Each discrete trial was followed by a brief verbal probe asking a question about the contingency requirement. Other groups of children received an identical task followed by a postexperimental interview. Level of adaptation to the duration contingency tended to increase with age in subjects receiving posttrial verbal probes, but not for those who were interviewed. Eleven-year-olds in the verbal probe condition showed a strong correlation between accurate temporal differentiation and number of verbalizations relating to response duration or timing. The younger subjects, with one exception, showed no association between timing-related verbalizations (which were almost totally absent) and response duration differentiation. This developmental difference occurred even though the younger subjects verbalized after almost every trial. The results suggest that although 11-year-old children apparently produce rule-governed behavior under verbal control as adults do, the behavior of younger children may be controlled directly by reinforcement contingencies even when their verbal repertoires are highly developed.     

时序信息提取特点的实验研究

时距区分性理论认为提取时序信息是在包含一定项目的检索系中检索抽样的过程,通道因素应当对正确率和速度都产生影响.本文分别以英文字母和汉字为材料,对时序信息的提取特点作了两个实验研究.结果表明,只有材料的呈现顺序对时序信息提取的正确率和速度都有影响,通道因素只影响提取的正确率,而速度则未受其影响。显然,用时距区分性理论来说明时序信息提取特点是缺乏足够证据的.本文提出,对时序信息提取机制尚值得进一步研究.     

动词的延续性特征及瞬时时间副词对时间转换事件表征的影响

为考察语篇阅读中,汉语动词的延续性特征以及瞬时时间副词对时间转换事件表征的影响,采用探测-判断的语篇实时阅读技术分别进行了两个实验。实验1的结果表明,当描述转换前事件的动词是延续性动词时,短时转换句与瞬时转换句的阅读时间无显著差异;而当描述转换前事件的动词是短暂性动词时,短时转换句的阅读时间明显长于瞬时转换句的阅读时间。实验2的结果表明,当不在时间转换句前添加瞬时时间副词时,长时与短时转换句前探测词的再认时间存在显著差异;而当在时间转换句前添加瞬时时间副词时,长时与短时转换句前探测词的再认时间无显著差异。两个实验结果分别说明,动词的延续性特征和时间转换短句的结合影响了时间转换事件的表征,在长时转换句的前面添加瞬时时间副词缩短了长时转换事件的表征时间。     

A mechanism for reducing delay discounting by altering temporal attention

Rewards that are not immediately available are discounted compared to rewards that are immediately available. The more a person discounts a delayed reward, the more likely that person is to have a range of behavioral problems, including clinical disorders. This latter observation has motivated the search for interventions that reduce discounting. One surprisingly simple method to reduce discounting is an "explicit-zero" reframing that states default or null outcomes. Reframing a classical discounting choice as "something now but nothing later" versus "nothing now but more later" decreases discount rates. However, it is not clear how this "explicit-zero" framing intervention works. The present studies delineate and test two possible mechanisms to explain the phenomenon. One mechanism proposes that the explicit-zero framing creates the impression of an improving sequence, thereby enhancing the present value of the delayed reward. A second possible mechanism posits an increase in attention allocation to temporally distant reward representations. In four experiments, we distinguish between these two hypothesized mechanisms and conclude that the temporal attention hypothesis is superior for explaining our results. We propose a model of temporal attention whereby framing affects intertemporal preferences by modifying present bias.     

思维聚焦对发展型文化消费产品购买意愿的影响

本研究探析了消费者的思维聚焦（过程聚焦/结果聚焦）对发展型文化消费产品购买意愿的影响,发现结果聚焦的消费者比过程聚焦的消费者对发展型文化消费产品的购买意愿更强烈。同时,时间距离对这一效应存在调节作用,即时间距离远时,这一效应显著;时间距离近时,思维聚焦对发展型文化消费产品的购买意愿没有显著影响。此外,本研究进一步考察了时间距离较远时,消费者的未来时间洞察力部分中介了思维聚焦对发展型文化消费产品的购买意愿。     

"米制"的时间层次网络结构研究

本研究通过两个实验来对米制时间顺序标码的层次网络结构的性质进行了探讨。研究结果表明,米制时间顺序标码系统要进行多层分组,由日子组成月份,由月份组成年份,最终形成了一个客观的、精确的层次网络的结构。不同层次的项目之间因加工方式的不同而出现了层次效应或者越界效应,同一层次的项目还在继续进行分组,不同小组之间出现了距离效应;被试对米制的时间信息标码层次网络表征的加工,是采用了“顶层一底层”的方向;对两个刺激项目进行直接比较判断或运算这两种加工的难易是不同的;本研究中没有发现方向效应。     

知觉组织影响时序知觉的认知机制:ERP研究的证据

以往研究显示,知觉组织影响时序知觉,采用ERP技术拟探讨知觉组织影响时序知觉的认知机制。采集23名被试完成同时判断任务的脑电数据。行为结果发现,知觉组织影响时序知觉,具体表现为知觉组织条件的同时判断频率显著高于非知觉组织条件。ERPs结果发现,在P1和P2成分上,知觉组织条件与非知觉组织条件引发的波幅没有显著差异; 而在N1成分上,知觉组织条件诱发的N1波幅显著大于非知觉组织条件。这表明,知觉组织对时序知觉的影响可能发生在视觉刺激加工的早期阶段,视觉刺激的知觉组织先于时序信息加工。