团队心智模式的实证研究

学习型组织是当前组织变革的主流方向之一．有关如何创建学习型组织的讨论无论在理论或实践领域都颇受关注。本文从团队心智模式人手,考察了心智模式的分享性指标在5个取样组织之间的差异性,结合质的分析,进一步阐述团队心智模式的分享性指标和组织绩效的潜在关系。同时,本文也考察了团队心智模式和工作态度变量之间的关系。最后,研究认为培育团队心智模式是创建学习型组织的可行策略。     

领导-成员交换关系差异化研究评述与展望

领导-成员交换关系差异化是指在一个工作团队中, 团队领导与不同成员的交换关系在质量上的差异性。尽管它是领导-成员交换理论的核心内容, 但相比领导-成员交换关系质量, 关系差异化直到最近几年才得到学术界的关注。已有的研究表明它对个体和团队产出具有重要影响。本文从概念、研究起源、测量、影响因素、影响效果以及作用机制方面, 对近年来国、内外的理论和实证研究进行了评述, 并在此基础上指出了未来的研究方向。     

团队作业特征研究现状与展望

团队作业特征是团队有效性模型中的重要输入变量,是团队绩效差异的贡献因素。作业特征在个体与团队层面的相关理论基础表明,团队作业特征包括技能多样性、作业同一性、作业重要性、反馈、自主性、作业互依性、作业复杂性七个核心要素。以此为基础介绍了作业特征在个体与团队层面的相关效应研究;团队作业特征模型测量、作业特征作用机制、作业特征要素的深入研究则可作为未来研究的重点     

团队人格组成、团队过程对团队有效性的作用

由于团队对组织的重要性,团队有效性的研究倍受关注。通过对342个大学生短期团队完成决策任务的研究,旨在探讨团队人格组成与团队中间过程对团队有效性的作用机制。研究以自陈式问卷调查收集数据,采用层次回归与结构方程模型进行统计分析。研究结果表明：团队过程变量（协作、信念、凝聚力）在团队人格组成（外向性、宜人性、神经质）与团队有效性之间起中介作用,横断研究的I-P-O整体模型得到验证     

Role of motivation,self‐efficacy and parent support in adolescent structured leisure activity participation

An increasing body of research supports the positive physical, social and psychological health benefits of adolescent involvement in structured out‐of‐school leisure activities. Analysis of data from 1280 12–17‐year‐old Western Australian metropolitan high school students, found that several factors were associated with adolescent involvement in structured leisure activities, including parent support of the activity (both active and passive), intrinsic motivation and self‐efficacy. There were no significant gender differences in the rate of participation or hours spent participating in structured leisure activities overall. More female than male students, however, were involved in structured creative activities and male students spent significantly more time involved in structured physical group activities. Recommendations for supporting adolescent involvement in structured leisure activities are discussed.     

A neural model of how the brain computes heading from optic flow in realistic scenes

Visually-based navigation is a key competence during spatial cognition. Animals avoid obstacles and approach goals in novel cluttered environments using optic flow to compute heading with respect to the environment. Most navigation models try either explain data, or to demonstrate navigational competence in real-world environments without regard to behavioral and neural substrates. The current article develops a model that does both. The ViSTARS neural model describes interactions among neurons in the primate magnocellular pathway, including V1, MT⁺, and MSTd. Model outputs are quantitatively similar to human heading data in response to complex natural scenes. The model estimates heading to within 1.5° in random dot or photo-realistically rendered scenes, and within 3° in video streams from driving in real-world environments. Simulated rotations of less than 1°/s do not affect heading estimates, but faster simulated rotation rates do, as in humans. The model is part of a larger navigational system that identifies and tracks objects while navigating in cluttered environments.     

When Walking Makes Perception Better

ABSTRACT— When we move, the visual world moves toward us. That is, self-motion normally produces visual signals (flow) that tell us about our own motion. But these signals are distorted by our motion: Visual flow actually appears slower while we are moving than it does when we are stationary and our surroundings move past us. Although for many years these kinds of distortions have been interpreted as a suppression of flow to promote the perception of a stable world, current research has shown that these shifts in perceived visual speed may have an important function in measuring our own self-motion. Specifically, by slowing down the apparent rate of visual flow during self-motion, our visual system is able to perceive differences between actual and expected flow more precisely. This is useful in the control of action.     

团队内冲突对团队效能的影响及作用机制

冲突是团队有效运作面临的主要挑战之一。学术界关于冲突与团队效能关系的研究结论未能达成共识, 引发了关于冲突对团队效能作用机制的探讨。回顾国内外相关文献发现, 团队特征(团队情绪、多元化、团队规范与文化价值观)、团队过程(冲突管理、信任)及任务特征等因素, 对于冲突对团队效能的作用过程具有调节作用。而基于冲突原因视角探讨团队内冲突对团队效能的影响、冲突的动态性、团队新成员冲突的激活效应和冲突与团队效能关系的本土化研究等应是未来的研究方向。     

虚拟团队学习效能研究:社会认知因素的影响

本研究采用现场研究的方法,对21个虚拟团队学习的效能进行了实证研究。研究对社会认知因素中的效能感和目标取向对虚拟团队学习效能(技能改变、工作任务和团队健康水平)的影响进行了研究,并探讨了对虚拟团队的态度在中间所起的作用。研究发现,虚拟团队效能感和学习取向对虚拟团队的学习效能产生作用,而对虚拟团队学习的态度、团队信任对虚拟团队学习的效能起着中介或直接的作用。     

团队异质性的平衡性对团队创造力的影响

团队异质性的平衡性是指团队中异质性属性的相对分布情况, 是一个从不平衡到平衡的连续谱概念。作为对团队构成维度的补充, 本研究探究其如何通过团队信息深化施加影响于团队创造力。通过对浙江理工大学451名学生的团队实验研究, 得出结论认为：团队知识异质性的平衡性能够积极影响团队创造力, 且团队信息深化在这一过程中起中介作用, 性别异质性的平衡性与团队创造力之间的关系不显著。这一研究结果将有助于打开团队构成和团队创造力研究的新局面。