对儿童认知发展水平诊断工具IPDT的信度效度检验

修订了以皮亚杰认知发展理论为基础的儿童认知发展诊断工具IPDT的信度效度资料,在390名北京小学生样本中的修订结果表明,该测验具有稳定的信度、良好的效度、适当的难度和理想的区分度,适合作为小学生认知发展诊断工具。对应用的范围、存在的问题和未来的研究需要进行了讨论。     

加强政策协同促进中国创新型药企国际化发展

中国创新型药企快速追赶国际领先企业,处于高投入低产出的成长阶段,国际化之路遭遇各种坎坷。国内创新呈现出快速跟进特点,研发热点过于集中,存在高水平重复现象,加之创新药的医保谈判采用低定价策略,可能使创新型药企难以在合理的时间段内收回研发投入,后续研发难以为继。未来,应当差异化地鼓励原始创新和一般创新,建议改进国家基本医保对创新药的支付机制,减免税收、申请费等以降低研发成本,在实施数据保护和市场独占制度提高获利预期方面形成政策协同,助推中国企业国际化。

     

当代中国医学伦理学再启程的基础与方向探微

当代中国医学伦理学是指始于中国20世纪80年代初以来这一领域的发展历史和现状。40多年来,中国医学伦理学在医学伦理文化和医学伦理理论与实践等各方面取得的成就,为中国医学伦理学的再启程形成了坚实的基础。再启程是学科发展的一个时代性课题。今天学科所面对的是完全不同于过去的背景和境遇,中国社会高速发展驱动下的医学科技进步以及医学社会化步伐的加快,带来传统与崭新伦理问题的叠加,再启程成为对学科发展的必然要求。

     

科学发展观与生态医学模式

分析了生物医学模式没有转型为生物心理社会医学模式的原因。认为生态危机背景下的医学发展模式研究,应把提高人的生命质量和改善人的生存、生活环境等相关条件,纳入视野之中,这正表现出生态医学模式的价值基础与科学发展观在根本上的一致性。以生态医学模式引领未来医学发展是实践科学发展观的必然要求和具体行动。     

Mapping morality with a compass: Testing the theory of ‘morality-as-cooperation’ with a new questionnaire

Morality-as-Cooperation (MAC) is the theory that morality is a collection of biological and cultural solutions to the problems of cooperation recurrent in human social life. MAC uses game theory to identify distinct types of cooperation, and predicts that each will be considered morally relevant, and each will give rise to a distinct moral domain. Here we test MAC's predictions by developing a new self-report measure of morality, the Morality-as-Cooperation Questionnaire (MAC-Q), and comparing its psychometric properties to those of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ). Over four studies, the results support the MAC-Q's seven-factor model of morality, but not the MFQ's five-factor model. Thus MAC emerges as the best available compass with which to explore the moral landscape.     

Loving and angry? Happy and sad? Understanding and reporting of mixed emotions in mother–child relationships by 6‐ to 12‐year‐olds

The Evaluative Space Model of emotions allows for the coactivation of positive‐appetitive and negative‐avoidant systems, but few studies have examined mixed emotions in child development. Existing research suggests children's understanding of opposite valence emotion combinations emerges by approximately 11 years of age. However, it is not yet clear whether various opposite valence combinations are understood at different ages, nor whether children can understand them in others before they have experienced such mixed emotions themselves. Semi‐structured interviews with 97 children investigated whether they regarded six combinations of opposite valence mixed emotions as possible, could provide reasons for them, and report their own experience of each in the context of mother–child relationships. Both understanding that such combinations are possible and ability to provide reasons for them increased after age 6 and up to age 11, but were still incomplete in 12‐year‐olds. Understanding of different opposite valence combinations developed at different rates. At each age, fewer children who showed understanding of these combinations in others reported having had a similar experience themselves. The findings suggest a need to systematically examine a range of mixed emotions in order to develop a comprehensive theory of the development of mixed emotion understanding. They also suggest extending research into adolescence.