Qualitative undergraduate project supervision in psychology: current practices and support needs of supervisors across North East England and Scotland

The dissertation is a core component of a psychology undergraduate degree, though very little research has been conducted into supervision processes at undergraduate level. This study examined the accounts of supervisors of qualitative dissertations in order to identify current practices of supervision and possible resources that might support supervision. Seventeen supervisors from psychology departments in North East England and Scotland were interviewed, and three main themes were identified using thematic analysis: the quantitative culture in psychology teaching, supervisors’ expertise, and the supervision process. Supervisors noted that students were typically constrained in their choice of methodology due to limited qualitative methods teaching, lack of training and guidance for supervisors, and concerns about the risks of demanding qualitative projects. Supervisors therefore often reported staying within their comfort zone, electing where possible to supervise only the methods that they themselves use. Recommendations for practical resources are provided to help support students and supervisors in the process of undertaking qualitative psychology dissertations.     

目前医疗执业环境对临床实习带教的影响和对策

现有的医师执业制度和不完善的医疗保障体制使医疗环境复杂化,为临床实习带教带来新的问题和挑战。探索新的教学意识和带教模式是提高临床实习质量的关键。文章分析了目前医疗执业环境对临床实习带教的影响,提出加强带教意识,在建构主义教学理论指导下,应由“教”转为“学”,采用“互动式”教学模式提高临床实习水平。     

我国甲型H1N1流感防控策略的评析及选择

我国目前正处于甲型H1N1流感防控策略重要调整期,在系统梳理和总结我国自甲型H1N1发生以来防控策略基础上,通过对甲型H1N1流感防控引出的哲学命题、防疫体系和国际合作的思考,提出进一步完善我国甲型H1N1防控策略选择的意见和建议。     

Professional education of psychologists using online problem‐based learning methods: Experience at Charles Sturt University

Abstract: Problem‐based learning (PBL) is a pedagogical approach to professional training that emphasises the development of clinical reasoning skills and self‐directed learning. In contrast to more traditional lecture‐based approaches that focus upon the linear acquisition of course content, PBL is undertaken in the context of actual case presentations. Although PBL has been adopted widely in the professional training of medical practitioners and nurses, it is only just beginning to be used in the professional education of psychologists. This paper examines the nature and benefits of PBL for education in clinical and forensic psychology by outlining its implementation and development at Charles Sturt University, located in a rural area of Australia. Although a full and independent evaluation of PBL for education in clinical or forensic psychology is yet to be undertaken, this paper argues that PBL can make a significant contribution to professional training in psychology.     

Do updating tasks involve updating? Evidence from comparisons with immediate serial recall

Updating tasks require participants to process a sequence of items, varying in length, and afterwards to remember only a fixed number of the elements of the sequence; the assumption being that participants actively update the to-be-recalled list as presentation progresses. However recent evidence has cast doubt on this assumption, and the present study examined the strategies that participants employ in such tasks by comparing the serial position curves found in verbal and visuo-spatial updating tasks with those seen in standard serial recall tasks. These comparisons showed that even when the same number of items are presented or recalled, participants perform less well in an updating than a serial recall context. In addition, while standard serial position effects were observed for serial recall, marked recency and reduced or absent primacy effects were seen in updating conditions. These findings suggest that participants do not typically adopt a strategy of actively updating the memory list in updating tasks, but instead tend to wait passively until the list ends before trying to recall the most recently presented items.     

效能信念、加工方式和困难应对策略——关于自我调节学习的特点及各成分间关系的探讨

自我调节学习是一个复杂的系统,效能信念、加工方式、应对策略分别反映着自我调节学习的动机、认知、行为侧面。本研究通过对效能信念、加工方式、应对策略三者进行相关分析,探讨了自我调节学习各成分之间的关系;同时,对于自我调节学习各成分与学业成绩之间的关系亦作了探讨。在这两部分研究结论的基础上,提出了自我调节学习的理想模式,并对被试群体自我调节学习的现有状况与这一理想模式进行了对照。     

心理与教育统计学之有效学习策略探析

研究目的在于探讨学习初等统计学之有效学习策略.研究对象为修习心理与教育统计学的学生50人.研究工具为统计学期中与期末测验、学习策略量表以及半结构式访谈大纲.学生于期中与期末测验所测得的能力值透过共同题等化,作为统计学的学习表现.学习策略量表改编自过去已发表的研究工具.结果发现,期中认知策略得分与期末学习表现有相关;而期中学习表现则与期末认知策略得分、期末学习表现均有相关.从质性数据获悉,研读原文书、积极投入Moodle预习测验与教科书提供的在线测验、做笔记、和同学相互讨论以及考试前妥善准备,都是有效且可行的认知策略.     

工作记忆负荷和自动化提取对小学生加法心算策略执行效果的影响

本研究选取43名小学四年级学生(18名男生和25名女生)为实验被试,探究了工作记忆负荷和自动化提取对复杂加法心算策略效果的影响.结果显示:(1)工作记忆负荷对复杂加法心算策略的影响显著,即一项加法心算策略所需的工作记忆负荷越小,该策略的执行效果越好;(2)自动化提取对加法心算策略的影响显著,即一项加法心算策略所需自动化提取的程度越高,该策略的执行效果越好;(3)工作记忆负荷和自动化提取对加法心算策略效果的交互作用显著,表现为在自动化提取水平较高的情况下,工作记忆负荷的大小对心算策略执行效果的影响差异不显著;而在自动化提取水平较低的情况下,工作记忆负荷小的心算策略的执行效果显著优于工作记忆负荷大的心算策略的执行效果.     

Age-related differences in memory after attending to distinctiveness or similarity during learning

Episodic memory is vulnerable to age-related change, with older adults demonstrating both impairments in retrieving contextual details and susceptibility to interference among similar events. Such impairments may be due in part to an age-related decline in the ability to encode distinct memory representations. Recent research has examined how manipulating stimulus properties to emphasize distinctiveness can reduce age-related deficits in memory. However, few studies have addressed whether learning strategies that differentially encourage distinctiveness processing attenuate age-related differences in episodic memory. In the present study, participants engaged in two incidental encoding tasks emphasizing either distinctiveness or similarity processing. Results demonstrated higher rates of recollection for stimuli studied under the distinctiveness task than the similarity task in younger but not older adults. These findings suggest a declining capacity for distinctiveness processing to benefit memory in older adults, and raise the possibility that strategies that enhance gist-based encoding may attenuate age-related memory deficits.