医学伦理学是否可教及其他--关于医学伦理学教育的再思考

医学伦理学是否可教?如果可教,应该教规范还是教价值?如何拉近医学伦理学教育与现实的距离?怎样评价医学伦理学教学的效果?不仅是临床医生和卫生管理工作者,即使作为医学伦理学研究工作的学者也都对这些问题存在着不同程度的误解,这影响了医学伦理学学科地位的确立.     

初中学习困难学生阅读交互教学实验研究

选取初一年级 2 8名阅读优生和 2 4名阅读困难学生 ,采用两因素完全随机实验设计 ,进行为期六周的教学实验。结果如下 :(1 )三策略组合的交互教学能显著提高优生和学习困难学生的提问策略水平 ,改善阅读态度 ;(2 )四、五策略组合的交互教学能显著促进优生和学习困难学生的阅读理解 ,提高提问和小结策略水平及理解监控水平 ,改善阅读态度     

Teaching ethics and technology with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agora</Emphasis>, an electronic tool

Courses on ethics and technology have become compulsory for many students at the three Dutch technical universities during the past few years. During this time, teachers have faced a number of didactic problems, which are partly due to a growing number of students. In order to deal with these challenges, teachers in ethics at the three technical universities in the Netherlands — in Delft, Eindhoven and Twente — have developed a web-based computer program called Agora (see www.ethicsandtechnology.com). This program enables students to exercise their ethical understanding and skills extensively. The program makes it possible for students to participate actively in moral reflection and reasoning, and to develop the moral competencies that are needed in their later professional practice. The developers of the program have tried to avoid two traps. Firstly, they rejected, from the outset, a cookbook style of dealing with ethical problems that applied ethics is often taken to be and, secondly, they wanted to design a flexible program that respects the student’s as well as the teacher’s creativity, and that tries to engage students in moral reflection. Agora meets these requirements. The program offers possibilities that extend beyond the requirements that are usually accepted for case-exercises in applied ethics, and that have been realised in several other computer models for teaching ethics. In this article, we describe the main considerations in the development of Agora and the features of the resulting program.     

认知负荷理论在教学设计中的应用及其启示

在教学设计中,认知负荷理论有助于激励学习者的学习活动、使之表现出良好的学习绩效。认知负荷理论主要依赖于以容量有限的工作记忆为核心的认知结构的支持。工作记忆包括相对独立的视觉、听觉信息加工单元,同时又与容量较大的长时记忆共同承担着对信息的贮存与理解。根据该理论,可以通过把多个信息单元编码成一个完整的认知图式,或通过自动化加工规则,或使用多媒介（多感觉通路）呈现形式等多种方法来设法规避工作记忆的有限性。此文总结了可通过样例学习增加适当的认知负荷的教育技巧,样例一精细化训练对于降低认知干扰及超负荷的影响,样例对学习者的认知负荷的影响,以认知负荷理论为基础的教学设计原则,以及基于认知负荷理论研发的教学设计在各方面业已取得的进展及其存在的问题与可能的发展趋势。     

Personal standards and evaluative concerns dimensions of "clinical" perfectionism: a reply to Shafran et al. (2002, 2003) and Hewitt et al. (2003)

Shafran, Cooper, and Fairburn (2002, 2003) provided a cognitive-behavioral analysis of "clinical" perfectionism, a construct they considered to involve both the determined pursuit of self-imposed standards and extremely vulnerable self-evaluation. They argued against a multidimensional perspective to studying perfectionism. We respond to Shafran et al. (2002, 2003) and Hewitt, Flett, Besser, Sherry, and McGee's (2003) reply to Shafran et al. (2002) by considering the theoretical, empirical, and clinical implications of findings identifying two higher-order dimensions of perfectionism reflecting personal standards (PS) and self-critical evaluative concerns. Analyses of data from two diverse study groups, a college student sample (N = 527) and a clinical sample of patients with binge eating disorder (N = 236), revealed that self-criticism accounts for the relation between perfectionism measures and depressive, anxious, and eating disorder symptoms. We conclude that possessing high PS is not by itself maladaptive. Rather, self-critical evaluative tendencies are more relevant than PS to the critical processes Shafran et al. (2002) suggested contribute to the maintenance of clinical perfectionism.     

医学生实习与患者就医间矛盾调和

患者就医希望得到经验丰富的医生诊治,而经验丰富的医师往往由无经验的实习医师通过以牺牲患者利益为代价成长起来的.随着医师法的实施和病人要求的提高,实习医师与患者间的利益冲突构成的这一矛盾更加突出.为化解矛盾,通过提高实习医师业务素质和道德素质,增强临床老师责任心等一系列措施,提高病人对医院满意程度,使实习医师圆满完成实习任务.     

On teaching computer ethics within a computer science department

The author has surveyed a quarter of the accredited undergraduate computer science programs in the United States. More than half of these programs offer a “social and ethical implications of computing” course taught by a computer science faculty member, and there appears to be a trend toward teaching ethics classes within computer science departments. Although the decision to create an “in house” computer ethics course may sometimes be a pragmatic response to pressure from the accreditation agency, this paper argues that teaching ethics within a computer science department can provide students and faculty members with numerous benefits. The paper lists topics that can be covered in a computer ethics course and offers some practical suggestions for making the course successful. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2005 conference, Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology, Linking Workplace Ethics and Education, co-hosted by Gonzaga University and Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, 9–10 June 2005.     

INCREASING COMMUNICATIVE INTERACTIONS OF YOUNG CHILDREN WITH AUTISM USING A VOICE OUTPUT COMMUNICATION AID AND NATURALISTIC TEACHING

We evaluated the effects of a voice output communication aid (VOCA) and naturalistic teaching procedures on the communicative interactions of young children with autism. A teacher and three assistants were taught to use naturalistic teaching strategies to provide opportunities for VOCA use in the context of regularly occurring classroom routines. Naturalistic teaching procedures and VOCA use were introduced in multiple probe fashion across 4 children and two classroom routines (snack and play). As the procedures were implemented, all children showed increases in communicative interactions using VOCAs. Also, there was no apparent reductive effect of VOCA use within the naturalistic teaching paradigm on other communicative behaviors. Teachers' ratings of children's VOCA communication, as well as ratings of a person unfamiliar with the children, supported the contextual appropriateness of the VOCA. Probes likewise indicated that the children used the VOCAs for a variety of different messages including requests, yes and no responses, statements, and social comments. Results are discussed in regard to the potential benefits of a VOCA when combined with naturalistic teaching procedures. Future research needs are also discussed, focusing on more precise identification of the attributes of VOCA use for children with autism, as well as for their support personnel.     

4～6岁儿童未来时间认知教学的实验研究

本研究在Friedman实验范式的基础上,增加了“系统教学”变量,探究教学与4~6岁儿童未来时间认知能力发展的关系。结果表明:(1)“教学”是影响儿童未来时序认知的主要因素;(2)“点估计策略”与“习俗时间单元概念策略”是两种主要时间认知策略;(3)儿童未来时间认知策略的发展遵循从感性直观到抽象概括的发展规律;(4)“教学”是影响其未来时间认知策略的主要因素;(5)4岁儿童已能区分未来事件的时距信息,且其未来时距认知具有分段性。     

专家-新手型教师教学效能感和教学行为的研究

对在普通中学选取的专家教师和新手教师（各48名）的研究发现：专家型教师和新手型教师的教学效能感存在显著差异;在教学行为的各个方面及总分上,专家型教师显著优于新手型教师;无论专家还是新手型教师,个人教学效能感维度与教学行为及其各维度之间均存在较显著的相关关系;专家和新手型教师的个人教学效能感维度对教学行为具有较强的预测作用。