Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Maura O'Connor, The Romance of Italy and the English PoliticalImagination Carolyn Marvin and David W. Ingle (eds.), Blood Sacrifice and the Nation: Totem Rituals and the American Flag Lee Clarke, Mission Improbable: Using Fantasy Documents to Tame Disaster Aaron T. Beck, M.D., Prisoners of Hate: The Cognitive Basis of Anger, Hostility and Violence Betty Glad and Eric Shiraev, The Russian Transformation: Political, Sociological, and Psychological Aspects Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (Second Edition) Doris Graber, Briefly Noted     

Linking personality states,current social roles and major life goals

Employing an experience‐sampling design, the interplay between personality states, social roles and major life goals was examined as it unfolds in the stream of people's daily lives. Multilevel analyses revealed a considerable amount of both within‐ and between‐person variability in state expressions of personality traits justifying further examination of predictors at both levels of analyses. Roles proved as predictors of current personality states albeit effects differed significantly between individuals. Life goals accounted for between‐person differences in average personality states but were not effective in predicting differences in relations between personality states and roles. Altogether, findings testify to the viability of the employed research strategy to analyse the interplay between both dispositional and fluctuating influences on individuals' trait expressions in behaviour. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同的拼音教学方式对幼儿拼音水平及汉语语音意识发展的影响

本研究用纵向实验的方法考察了分享阅读(故事教学)和传统教学(字母教学)两种拼音教学方式对幼儿园中班儿童的拼音水平和汉语语音意识发展的影响。研究结果表明:(1)相对于无拼音教学组,两种形式的拼音教学均可以显著提高幼儿的字母知识,但分享阅读拼音教学对幼儿字母知识的促进作用更大。(2)分享阅读的拼音教学可以显著提高幼儿的拼读能力,而传统教学对幼儿的拼读能力基本没有促进。(3)分享阅读的拼音教学对幼儿的首音、韵脚和声调意识的发展有显著的促进作用,对幼儿自然发展起来的音节意识的影响很小;传统教学对幼儿的语音意识基本没有促进。     

Adaptation of career goals to self and opportunities in early adolescence

Development of career goals that are adapted to self and opportunities is a central component of adolescent career preparation. The present longitudinal study (conducted throughout the eighth grade with three assessment points) investigated how 330 Swiss adolescents simultaneously adapt career goals to interests, scholastic achievement and environmental opportunities. Results demonstrated that students increasingly adapt their goals to the environment. Mean adaptation to environment related positively to degree of adaption to interests and achievement. Increased adaptation to environment over time related to increased adaptation to achievement but to decreased adaptation to interests. Gender, attended school type and nationality moderated adaptation processes. Structurally disadvantaged students (girls, lower requirements school track, immigrant students) reported more conflict in aligning adaptation to environment with adaptation to interests.     

Over and over again: Rumination, reflection, and promotion goal failure and their interactive effects on depressive symptoms

Research indicates that examining failure experiences using an immersed processing style versus a non-immersed, self-distanced open style influences cognitions about the self, motivation, and subsequent depressive symptoms. However, the effect of processing goal failure experiences using these different processing styles have not been adequately incorporated into existing self-regulation theories of depression. In a cross-sectional study, we examined the interactive effects of rumination (versus reflection) and failure to attain promotion goals on depressive symptoms. As predicted, greater levels of promotion goal failure were associated with having more depressive symptoms for individuals who engage in moderate to high levels of rumination. In contrast, among individuals who engage in high levels of self-reflection, promotion goal failure was not associated with an appreciable increase in depressive symptoms. We discuss the implications of these results for self-regulatory theories of depression and treatments for depression.     

ACACIA: an agent-based program for simulating behavior to reach long-term goals

We present ACACIA, an agent-based program implemented in Java StarLogo 2.0 that simulates a two-dimensional microworld populated by agents, obstacles and goals. Our program simulates how agents can reach long-term goals by following sensorial-motor couplings (SMCs) that control how the agents interact with their environment and other agents through a process of local categorization. Thus, while acting in accordance with this set of SMCs, the agents reach their goals through the emergence of global behaviors. This agent-based simulation program would allow us to understand some psychological processes such as planning behavior from the point of view that the complexity of these processes is the result of agent–environment interaction.     

政策满意度、教师支持对免费师范生职业认同的作用:从教动机的中介效应

本研究以733名免费师范生为被试,采用问卷测量法,考察师范生对免费教育政策的满意度、所感知到的教师支持,及其师范生从教动机与职业认同的特点及其相互之间的关系,并检验了从教动机在政策满意度、教师支持与职业认同之间的中介效应。结果表明：（1）师范生在政策满意度、从教动机上存在年级差异,在职业认同上存在年级和性别差异。（2）政策满意度、教师支持、从教动机与职业认同两两之间均呈显著正相关。（3）政策满意度与教师支持对职业认同的直接效应显著,从教动机在政策满意度与职业认同之间、教师支持与职业认同之间均起部分中介作用,其中从教动机对政策满意度的中介效应显著高于对教师支持的中介效应。本研究围绕这些结果进行了讨论,并提出了相应的建议和对策。     

“要有创造性”指导语效应及其对创造性教学的启示

“要有创造性”指导语效应（effects of explicit instructions to“be creative”）,是指在创造力测验或实验任务中,明确要求“要有创造性”（be creative）的指导语,能够促进被试的创造性表现的现象。该效应的理论解释主要有最大化表现理论、目标设置理论和注意控制理论。在指导语中对“创造性”作出解释、创造性任务的类型以及被试特征,都会影响“要有创造性”指导语效应的产生。在创造性教学过程中,可以根据“要有创造性”指导语效应发生的机制,从设置创造性目标、根据任务特征施加精细指导、结合学生特征实施个性化教学三个方面,设计创造性活动,以促进学生创新能力的发展。     

成就目标与任务投入的关系

采用实验室实验的方法,探讨了不同的任务阶段成就目标对任务投入的影响。将被试随机分配至掌握目标组或成绩目标组,考察两组被试在任务前、中、后三个阶段的任务投入水平,及相关动机变量的情况。研究结果表明,成就目标对任务投入的作用差异主要体现在任务结束之后,成绩目标组对尚未完成的实验任务的继续投入明显少于掌握目标组,并且成绩目标组在实验过程中较少体验到愉悦感,对实验任务的内在兴趣也较低。     

高校教师教学水平评价多元概化理论权重效应分析

探讨高校教师教学水平评价多元概化理论合成信度的权重效应。使用"高校教师教学水平评价问卷",要求534名学生对16名教师进行评价,对收集到的数据作嵌套设计的多元概化理论分析。结果表明：（1）在高校教师教学水平评价中,多元概化理论合成信度估计权重、先验权重和效果权重产生不同效应;（2）结合高校教师教学水平评价,在充分分析三种权重对合成信度影响的基础上,提出了多元概化理论"合成信度三种权重效应分析模式图",能为正确使用多元概化理论权重提供科学参考。