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871.
Maxine Sheets-Johnstone 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2007,6(3):327-348
This article identifies already existing theoretical and methodological commonalities between evolutionary biology and phenomenology,
concentrating specifically on their common pursuit of origins. It identifies in passing theoretical support from evolutionary
biology for present-day concerns in philosophy, singling out Sartre’s conception of fraternity as an example. It anchors its
analysis of the common pursuit of origins in Husserl’s consistent recognition of the grounding significance of Nature and
in his consistent recognition of animate forms of life other than human. It enumerates and exemplifies five basic errors of
continental philosophers with respect to Nature, errors testifying to a philosophical fundamentalism that distorts the intricate
interconnections and relationships of Nature in favor of a preferred knowledge rooted in ontological reductionism. It shows
that to discover and appreciate the common ground, one must indeed study “the things themselves.”
相似文献
Maxine Sheets-JohnstoneEmail: |
872.
无关声音效应是在对注意与记忆进行研究时所发现的一个现象,有益于探讨噪音等无关声音刺激对个体认知过程、工作绩效及身心健康的影响作用。在简要回顾ISE现象的界定与理论解释争论的基础上,重点从对刺激强度不同的ISE现象之理论分析、应用价值及一些相关的近期研究方面作了介绍,从对ISE现象的理论解释、无关声音刺激的选取、研究方法的综合使用、ISE现象中的个体差异等方面做了展望。 相似文献
873.
Priv.-Doz. Dr. Klaus-Peter Dahle 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2007,1(2):101-110
Zusammenfassung
Gesetzestexte sehen bei bestimmten strafrechtlichen Entscheidungen die Unterstützung des Richters durch Prognosegutachter
vor. Ihre Aufgabe ist es, die Rechtsentscheidung in ihren prognostischen Aspekten auf eine rationale, wissenschaftlich fundierte
Grundlage zu stellen. Methodisch lassen sich dabei wissenschaftlich fundierte Prognosen auf unterschiedlichen Wegen erstellen.
Der eine Weg beruht auf empirisch gesicherten Erfahrungen über die Rückf?lligkeit von T?tern und über die die Rückfallwahrscheinlichkeit
beeinflussenden Tat- und T?termerkmale. Prognosemethoden nach diesem Modell bemühen sich, diese Erfahrungen auch für individualprognostische
Zwecke nutzbar zu machen. Der andere Weg führt über eine systematische retrospektive Analyse der individuellen Ursachen der
bisherigen Delinquenz des T?ters und schreibt diese individuellen Bezüge prognostisch fort. Prognosemethoden nach diesem Modell
bemühen sich vor allem, den erforderlichen Urteilsbildungsprozess zu systematisieren und eine hinreichende Beurteilungsgrundlage
zu gew?hrleisten. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt beide Ans?tze in ihren methodischen Grundzügen und wissenschaftlichen Bew?hrungen
vor und diskutiert ihre jeweiligen Vorzüge und Begrenzungen im Kontext der Mindestanforderungen für Prognosegutachten im Strafrecht.
相似文献
874.
875.
The aim of the present study was to investigate Type A behavior as well as perceived work situation, and associations with burnout and work engagement. The associations in focus were investigated through hierarchical regressions in a sample (N= 329) of Swedish Information Communication Technology consultants. The findings indicated that both work situation and Type A behavior was correlated with work engagement and burnout; however, no interactions between Type A behavior and work situation were elicited. The main conclusion was that the achievement striving aspect of Type A behavior appears as "non-toxic" and is related only to work engagement. However, the irritability/impatience aspect appears to be responsible for burnout complaints among Type A individuals, possibly through negative effects of the mood itself than through perceived stress at work. 相似文献
876.
Hartmann Scheiblechner 《Psychometrika》2007,72(1):43-67
The (univariate) isotonic psychometric (ISOP) model (Scheiblechner, 1995) is a nonparametric IRT model for dichotomous and
polytomous (rating scale) psychological test data. A weak subject independence axiom W1 postulates that the subjects are ordered
in the same way except for ties (i.e., similarly or isotonically) by all items of a psychological test. A weak item independence
axiom W2 postulates that the order of the items is similar for all subjects. Local independence (LI or W3) is assumed in all
models. With these axioms, sample-free unidimensional ordinal measurements of items and subjects become feasible. A cancellation
axiom (Co) gives, as a result, the additive isotonic psychometric (ADISOP) model and interval scales for subjects and items,
and an independence axiom (W4) gives the completely additive isotonic psychometric (CADISOP) model with an interval scale
for the response variable (Scheiblechner, 1999). The d-ISOP, d-ADISOP, and d-CADISOP models are generalizations to d-dimensional dependent variables (e.g., speed and accuracy of response).
The author would like to thank an Associate Editor and two anonymous referees and also Professor H.H. Schulze for their very
valuable suggestions and corrections. 相似文献
877.
Victoria McGeer 《Synthese》2007,159(3):347-371
The broad issue in this paper is the relationship between cognitive psychology and neuroscience. That issue arises particularly
sharply for cognitive neurospsychology, some of whose practitioners claim a methodological autonomy for their discipline.
They hold that behavioural data from neuropsychological impairments are sufficient to justify assumptions about the underlying
modular structure of human cognitive architecture, as well as to make inferences about its various components. But this claim
to methodological autonomy can be challenged on both philosophical and empirical grounds. A priori considerations about (cognitive)
multiple realisability challenge the thesis on philosophical grounds, and neuroscientific findings from developmental disorders
substantiate that challenge empirically. The conclusion is that behavioural evidence alone is inadequate for scientific progress
since appearances of modularity can be thoroughly deceptive, obscuring both the dynamic processes of neural development and
the endstate network architecture of real cognitive systems. 相似文献
878.
Edwards MC Gardner ES Chelonis JJ Schulz EG Flake RA Diaz PF 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(3):393-404
This study evaluated the validity and classification utility of the Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CCPT) in the assessment of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive behaviors in children. Significant, positive correlations between the CCPT parameters and behavioral ratings of ADHD behaviors were hypothesized. In addition, it was hypothesized that the CCPT parameters would perform better than a random test (chance) and show fair to moderate utility of classification across the different indices. Participants were 104 children between 6 and 12 years of age who were referred for evaluation of attention problems. The first hypothesis was not supported. There were no significant, positive correlations between the CCPT parameters and parent and teacher ratings of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive behaviors. The second hypothesis was only partially supported. The CCPT Overall Index and the Omission Errors (84th percentile cutoff) performed better than a random test; however, the utility of the CCPT Overall Index only ranged from poor to slight. Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed the accuracy of the CCPT to be low. The implications and limitations of this study and future research directions are discussed. 相似文献
879.
This article gauges the extent to which items and sum scores of the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) are contaminated with social desirability response set (SDR), and the extent to which that contamination results in biased findings. Special validity coefficients are introduced for that purpose. Although the SDR confound was quite substantial across all items (with one exception), it is argued on the basis of the size of the introduced validity coefficients and other, logical considerations that paradoxically the confound had minimally distorting effects in estimating the BPAQ models selected for probing the extent of bias. 相似文献
880.
视觉空间注意的事件相关电位研究 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
视觉空间注意是心理学多年来一直探讨的问题,也是近来多学科共同关注的领域。在脑机制研究中,事件相关电位(ERP)的研究方法具有高时间分辨率的特点,近年来高密度记录技术的发展,也提高了ERP在功能定位方面的作用,因此其应用日益广泛。该文概述了近年来有关ERP在视觉空间注意研究中的实验方法、结果和初步结论,并就今后研究方向提出了几点看法。 相似文献