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981.
心理学视野中的社会排斥 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
社会排斥是许多社会问题的深层根源,长期为社会学者、政策研究者所关注。近年来,心理学者也将目光转向了社会排斥研究。在心理学者的视野中,社会排斥是指个体被某一社会团体或他人排斥或拒绝,一个人的归属需求和关系需求受到阻碍的现象。文章主要介绍了社会排斥影响个体认知、情绪和行为的研究。文章认为,在我国开展社会排斥的心理学研究,很有现实意义 相似文献
982.
计划行为模型在HIV性风险行为领域的应用与发展* 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
整理和回顾了计划行为模型在HIV性风险行为领域的应用与进展。该模型在不同文化背景、不同样本中,对于HIV性风险行为呈现良好的解释力,但是其整体预测力及内部变量的显著程度仍不时波动。21世纪以来,通过核心变量操作化、新变量引入和结构关系调整,模型获得了较大的扩展和完善。但在模型效度再检验、纳入社会性别视角、克服个体行为模型缺陷,以及强化模型的干预适用性方面仍有较大的发展空间 相似文献
983.
This study was aimed at uncovering physical and geometric properties that make a particular landmark a target of exploration
and navigation. Rats were tested in a square open-field arena with additional portable corners featuring the same properties
as the arena corners. It was found that the routes of progression converged upon the added corners, whether located at the
arena wall or the arena center. Route convergence upon the added corners involved numerous visits to these corners. However,
time spent at the added corners was relatively short compared with the arena corners, including that from which rats were
introduced into the arena. There was no differential effect of testing rats in light or dark, or with a low versus a high
portable corner. It is suggested that the added corners were distinct against the background of the arena enclosure, whereas
the four arena corners and walls were encoded by the rats as one geometric module. This distinctness, together with the greater
accessibility of the added corners, made them salient landmarks and a target of exploration. Thus, the impact of a landmark
extended beyond its specific self-geometry to include accessibility and distinctness, which are contextual properties. In addition to the contextual impact on locomotor behavior there was also a temporal effect,
with security initially dominating the rats’ behavior but then declining along with an increased attraction to salient landmarks.
These spatiotemporal patterns characterized behavior in both lit and dark arenas, indicating that distal cues were secondary
to local proximal cues in shaping routes. 相似文献
984.
985.
986.
简要回顾了美国俄勒冈社会学习中心的发展历程,重点介绍了该机构的主要研究课题内容和研究成果。该中心在应用研究领域,主要是针对问题儿童在课堂场景及其家中进行干预。其基础性研究致力于家庭、同伴以及社会背景对青少年行为发展模式的长期影响。俄勒冈社会学习中心针对青少年开展的早期经验、应激神经生理学和病原学的研究,以及以家庭、学校、福利制度、司法制度等背景开展的对收养家庭养育、受虐孩子、受监禁父母的孩子、问题青少年反社会行为的预防与干预研究对我国青少年的干预研究都富有借鉴意义 相似文献
987.
社会认同理论视野下的社会认同威胁 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
社会认同威胁是指,在社会比较的情况下,由于群体地位的差异,某一群体的个体在认知、情感上,对自我、所属群体身份的不承认,而产生的一种心理上的疏离感和剥夺感、自卑感。社会认同威胁的结果包括3类:脱离群体、改变群体的状态、接受消极的社会认同结果。外显“社会威胁”的测量方法以问卷调查为主。测量“社会威胁”的内隐方法则以心脏血压和平均动脉血压作为测量指标。社会认同威胁的实验研究将群体分化为内群体和外群体,操纵群体地位的差异,通过模拟社会游戏来了解群体的社会认同威胁及其生理反应。未来的研究将重点关注下述问题:对社会认同威胁概念的建构、跨文化研究及其内隐过程的分析 相似文献
988.
The aim of the present study was to investigate Type A behavior as well as perceived work situation, and associations with burnout and work engagement. The associations in focus were investigated through hierarchical regressions in a sample (N= 329) of Swedish Information Communication Technology consultants. The findings indicated that both work situation and Type A behavior was correlated with work engagement and burnout; however, no interactions between Type A behavior and work situation were elicited. The main conclusion was that the achievement striving aspect of Type A behavior appears as "non-toxic" and is related only to work engagement. However, the irritability/impatience aspect appears to be responsible for burnout complaints among Type A individuals, possibly through negative effects of the mood itself than through perceived stress at work. 相似文献
989.
Polman H Orobio de Castro B Koops W van Boxtel HW Merk WW 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(4):522-535
The present meta-analytic review aimed to clarify divergent findings concerning the relation between reactive and proactive aggression in children and adolescents. Fifty-one studies with 17,965 participants were included in the analysis. A significant correlation between reactive and proactive aggression was found. The strength of this relation varied considerably between studies, from -.10 to .89. Observational assessment and tilt/noise tasks were associated with smaller correlations than questionnaires. Within the large group of questionnaire studies, studies disentangling the form and function of aggression found lower correlations than studies that did not disentangle form and function. Among questionnaire studies, higher reliability was associated with larger correlations. Effect size did not depend on other study characteristics such as sample type, age, and informant type. It is concluded that reactive and proactive aggression are most clearly distinguished with behavioral observations and questionnaires that unravel form and functions of aggression. 相似文献
990.
The current 5-year accelerated longitudinal investigation modeled the developmental trajectories of aggressive behaviors in 10,107 predominantly minority (>70%; African American, American Indian, Asian American, and Hispanic) children and early adolescents (Kindergarten through 8th grade, 49% female youth) from lower to lower-middle socioeconomic strata. Based on a two-part latent growth model, findings suggest that the probability and frequency of aggressive behavior use decreases slightly (linear) through the elementary school years and then increases as children move into middle school (quadratic). Though mean level differences were found across ethnic and racial groups, socioeconomic strata, and particularly by sex at initial status, rates of change over time across all groups were invariant. Findings suggest that potential socialization differences, if any, occur pre-Kindergarten in all groups. 相似文献