The effect of deal exclusivity on consumer response to targeted price promotions: A social identification perspective

Discounts offered selectively to consumers are commonplace in the market and reflect the assumption that individuals will respond positively to targeted discounts. We consider whether exclusive deals evoke more positive responses than inclusive offers, an outcome referred to as a deal exclusivity effect. Contrary to the intuition that targeted promotions will always be evaluated more favorably than inclusive offers, we show that deal exclusivity effects (1) can be attenuated based upon factors influencing the extent to which recipients identify with other deal recipients and (2) are mediated by the offer's ability to enable the recipient to engage in self-enhancement.     

从耐药机制看抗菌药物的发展

抗菌药物耐药机制包括：（1）靶位修饰;（2）产灭活酶;（3）药物渗透力下降;（4）外排泵表达。本文从增加作用靶位、改善药物与靶位结合力、联合酶抑制药的复方药物、寻找体外泵抑制剂、发现新代合物和新靶位等方面介绍了临床使用的和临床前的新抗菌药物。     

An ecological momentary assessment of comparison target as a moderator of the effects of appearance-focused social comparisons

This research examined whether comparison target moderates the effects of naturally occurring appearance-focused social comparisons on women's affect, appearance esteem, and dieting thoughts. During daily activities, body-satisfied (BS) women and body-dissatisfied (BD) women recorded their comparison targets and reactions to comparison information. For BS women, upward comparisons with peers were associated with more positive affect (PA) and appearance esteem and less guilt than upward comparisons with media images and downward comparisons with peers were associated with less PA than downward comparisons with media images. For BD women, upward comparisons with peers were associated with more appearance esteem and diet thoughts than upward comparisons with media images and downward comparisons with peers were associated with less PA, appearance esteem, and diet thoughts and more guilt than downward comparisons with media images.     

无决策成分的靶记忆与源记忆的加工深度比较

本研究通过两个实验来比较源记忆和靶记忆的难度。实验一比较两种记忆提取阶段的事件相关电位（ERPs）。实验二设置较高的成功标准,比较两者达标所需的时间,以此比较它们的难度。在实验一中,被试先进行项目记忆任务,接着进行源记忆任务（从两位虚拟人处接收项目,并记住项目的来源）和靶记忆任务（向两位虚拟人递送项目,并记住项目的去向）。源记忆和靶记忆的测试阶段要求被试再认项目的源或靶,并记录提取阶段的脑电。结果显示,虽然源记忆与靶记忆的正确率没有显著差异,但是在正确提取的ERP中观察到,两者与回想有关的LPC之间有边缘显著差异（靶记忆比源记忆更趋正向,且在顶区差异最明显）,这说明在回想上,靶记忆可能比源记忆需要更深的加工。实验二将源记忆和靶记忆结合在同一个任务中,要求被试反复尝试,直至两种记忆的正确率都达到较高的成功标准（近90%）。结果进一步证实,源记忆的加工水平深于源记忆。     

基于反馈加工的规则学习:研究儿童认知灵活性的新范式

认知灵活性作为执行功能的三个主要成分之一,对个体能力发展和环境适应起着重要作用。但以往研究多采用不同范式来考察不同年龄段儿童在一个优势规则失效后灵活转换至新规则的能力。本研究旨在威斯康星卡片分类任务(WCST)的基础上设计一种新任务范式,考察年龄范围更大的群体在规则习得过程中根据不同性质的反馈信息保持与灵活修订假设的能力。我们设计了目标选择任务(target choose task,TCT),考察181名5~11岁儿童的认知灵活性。其中24名儿童亦完成WCST。结果表明,TCT通过率界于32~65.7%;TCT高分组成绩显著高于低分组;分半信度计算结果表明奇数编号题目与偶数题目得分正相关;TCT分数与WCST完成分类数和概念化水平数分别呈正相关。这些结果表明TCT难度适中,具有区分度,内部一致性高,效度良好,可以在更大的年龄跨度上研究儿童在规则习得过程中的认知灵活性。     

单一启动单一探测中基于相关低比例的负启动效应

启动和探测刺激相同试次低比例时可出现类似负启动的抑制现象。本研究采用不同于以往研究的单一探测范式,并操纵相关项（启动与探测词语义相关）的比例及刺激集的大小研究这一抑制机制的特点。实验一在低比例时发现了显著的负启动效应。实验二在低比例时,发现小的刺激集能诱发负启动,而大的则不能。表明在单一探测范式中启动与探测相关试次的低比例确实能诱发抑制控制,该抑制控制由忽视策略所致,并受刺激集大小的影响,支持了干扰项的凸显能够诱发强抑制的观点。     

Target-mask shape congruence impacts the type of metacontrast masking

Visual metacontrast masking may depend on the time intervals between target and mask in two qualitatively different ways: in type-A masking the smaller the mask delay from target the stronger the masking while in type-B masking maximal masking effect is obtained with a larger temporal delay of the mask. Variability in the qualitative apperance of masking functions has been explained by variability in stimuli parameters and tasks. Recent research on metacontrast masking has surprisingly shown that both of these types of functions can be found with an identical range of stimulation parameters depending on individual differences between observers. Here we show that obtaining clear-cut type-A masking depends on whether target and mask shapes are congruent or incongruent and whether observers use the cues available due to the congruence factor. Conspicuously expressed type-A masking is selectively associated with incongruent target-mask pairings. In the latter conditions target identification level significantly drops with the shortest target-to-mask delays.     

任务转换和目标变化下的自我加工优势

通过联结学习任务和线索转换任务探讨自我关联刺激在任务转换和目标变化下的加工优势。结果发现：（1）相比于朋友和生人，自我更容易学习联结；（2）在线索转换任务中，所有关联刺激均未出现任务转换成本；（3）在目标变化条件下，自我关联刺激的目标结转效率最佳。结果表明自我关联刺激能够调节任务转换成本，并且在目标变化条件下能快速聚焦注意，表现出基于感知的特异性加工优势。     

Attack and defense in conspecific fighting in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri)

Principles of conspecific defense have been analyzed for rodents, in which specific target sites for biting by attackers on defenders serve as an important determinant of the actions involved in both attacker and defender behavior. In an effort to determine the generality of these principles, attack and defensive behaviors and target sites for biting attack were evaluated in a nonrodent species, the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri). Brief daily and repeated conspecific dyadic encounters between adult, socially experienced males (dominants, attackers), and adult, socially naive males (subordinates, defenders) that had been transferred into the territory of the dominants, produced a polarization of attack and defense. The dominant males showed chase, chase attack, jump attack, and biting behaviors, while the subordinates displayed flight and freezing. The vast majority of bites, as well as wounds and bruises, were on the subordinates’ backs. These patterns are very similar to those previously found in rats and mice and suggest that the organization of fighting, with targets of biting (or other painful) attack serving as an important determinant of both attacker (dominant) and defender (subordinate) behavior, may show considerable generality across nonrodent as well as rodent species. Although relatively few wounds were found after 28 days of repeated and daily encounters, the subordinate tree shrews show a variety of behavioral, neuroendocrine, and central nervous changes, indicating that they are stressed by these encounters per se. Aggr. Behav. 27:139–148, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

FOK产生机制的再验证

通过用有意义联系和无意义联系的两种中文词对作为识记材料,在以前实验研究基础上,进一步验证关于FOK(Feelingof Knowing)产生机制的两种理论假说,即靶项日记忆强度假说(或靶项目提取可能性假说)与线索熟悉性假说。实验结果表明,靶项目记忆强度和线索熟悉性程度都能决定FOK判断等级的高低,说明两种假说并非绝对对立,非此既彼。但此二因素都需达到一定程度,才能显著影响FOK判断等级的高低。