The decoy effect as a covert influence tactic

The purpose of this research was to determine whether individuals could use the decoy effect to influence others' choices. In study 1, undergraduates (n = 50) and executive master's of business administration (EMBA) students (n = 24) read an employee selection scenario in which they were randomly assigned to prefer one of two candidates that were equal in overall attractiveness, but that had different strengths and weaknesses. They were then asked to choose one of three inferior candidates to add to the choice set that would make their preferred candidate more likely to be chosen by other decision makers. The “correct” inferior candidate was asymmetrically dominated—dominated by one of the two existing candidates, but not the other. Participants chose the “correct” decoy candidate at better than chance levels. In study 2, undergraduates and EMBA students (total n = 66) completed a set of four decision tasks, in which they were asked to choose from potential decoy alternatives that would highlight their preferred job candidate or the product they preferred to sell to a customer. Participants again chose the correct option at better than chance levels. When participants provided free‐response reasons for their choices, these responses indicated a fairly strong recognition of the influential nature of creating a dominating relationship. Implications for understanding this effect and how it may be used by hiring managers, sales personnel, and others who attempt to influence others people's decisions at work, are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冠脉介入治疗应用存在的问题及应对策略

冠脉介入治疗是近几十年来发展迅速的一种治疗方法,使用该技术的数量在不断增长,但同时也存在着过度使用的情况。患者的主观意愿、医生过度追求经济效益、介入治疗适应证扩大等是其主要原因。加强宣传教育、完善卫生管理制度,提高医生职业道德修养、制定严格的冠脉介入治疗指南才能科学合理地应用介入治疗造福冠心病患者。     

中学生问题解决策略的基本特征研究

实验通过人—机界面,对中学生解决几何问题策略的基本特征进行探讨。对学习成绩优、差学生,在解决问题的程序上和解决问题结果的正确与错误上的差异比较后显示：学习成绩优、差学生在解决问题的程序上,尤其在问题解决的思考推理方向上没有类似专家和新手之间的显著差异;学习成绩的优、差对解决问题结果的正确与错误上具有直接的影响;问题解决规则的选择对问题解决过程具有间接影响;对问题解决规则的掌握对问题解决的结果具有重要影响。     

作文中借助书语优势进行口语表达策略的研究

本研究采用自然实验与实验室实验结合的方法,探讨作文中借助书语优势进行口语表达的策略及机制。结果表明,运用笔述后口述策略借助书语优势没有总体意义上的效果．但能够显著提高高水平学生与说劣写优水平学生的口述质量。这一研究可以解释作文教学中多用口述后笔述而少用笔述后口述的原因。同时指出,对于那些写作水平较高但由于某种原因口头表达较差的学生,可以运用笔述后口述的策略,借助其自身较强的笔述优势改善并提高口述质量。     

Tactical contingencies in the experimental analysis of reinforcement and operant classes

In his “Tactics of Scientific Research” (1960), his work on avoidance, his discovery of equivalence classes and his cautions on applications of coercion, Murray Sidman created high standards for behavior analytic research. I illustrate his influence in the context of three examples he might have characterized as pilot studies. Each examined trial N+1 response probabilities depending on whether trial N responding had produced a reinforcer. Differentially reinforced interresponse times, keys pecked in arbitrary matching, and two-key response sequences provided no robust evidence that reinforcing some response property on trial N raises the probability of responding with that property on trial N+1. These negative findings shed light on the nature of operant classes and on the relation of reinforcers to the responses that produced them. Through selection, reinforcers create operant classes and engender variations of the responses within those classes; operant classes are held together by common contingencies. Sidman extended our understanding of operant classes by expanding them to include equivalence relations.     

天津市幼儿教师社会化现状的调查与分析

随机抽取天津市十三所幼儿园的445名幼儿教师为调查对象,通过对其社会化内容和策略的问卷调查,探讨了天津市幼儿教师社会化发展的基本状况,结果发现：（1）幼儿教师“起始阶段”的职业选择主要受其父母影响,且对其职业大多认同,但对其孩子的职业期望,未表现出特殊偏向;（2）幼儿教师在社会化过程中对工作技能的学习认同度最高,而对单位政治的了解程度最低;（3）在影响幼儿教师社会化的诸多因素中,其主动策略占主导地位,幼教机构的社会化策略也占有重要地位;（4）观察／模仿策略是幼儿教师使用得最多的主动策略,而伴随策略是幼教机构最经常使用的社会化策略。     

Aggression in British heterosexual relationships: A descriptive analysis

A 12-item scale, derived from the Conflict Tactics Scale, was administered to a representative sample of 1,978 heterosexual men and women in Great Britain in mid November 1994. Men and women were asked to identify conflict tactics sustained or inflicted in all past and present relationships and those sustained in current relationships. This paper reports results for physical victimization and also reports on two further questions asked to discern context and meaning ascribed to such sustained or inflicted victimization. Both sexes reported having experienced physical victimization with a higher percentage of men sustaining victimization, mainly as a result of minor acts of assault. Almost equal percentages of men and women reported inflicting victimization against partners. Additionally, incidence of physical victimization is presented according to relationship status, age, socioeconomic category, and by regional distribution. Both sexes reported a range of reasons or contexts ascribed to their sustained or inflicted victimization. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Targets and tactics of agonistic and precopulatory behavior in montane and prairie voles: Their relationship to juvenile play-fighting

Play-fighting by juvenile montane and prairie voles involves attack and defense of the head, neck and shoulders. Since during play animals typically borrow behavior patterns from other functional contexts, two adult behavioral contexts were compared to juvenile play-fighting. These were serious fighting and sexual encounters. During serious fighting in a resident-intruder paradigm, most bites are directed at the rump and lower flanks. During sexual encounters, especially in precopulatory behavior, the head, neck and shoulders are gently contacted. Therefore, play-fighting by juveniles would appear to involve attack and defense of areas of the body contacted in adult precopulatory behavior, not adult fighting. Furthermore, the species-specific differences in juvenile play-fighting were also found to be matched by species-specific differences in precopulatory behavior. In both playful and precopulatory encounters, montane voles contacted the head and used upright defensive behaviors more often than prairie voles. In contrast, prairie voles made mutual contact more often and were more likely to rotate to supine in defense of contact to the nape and head. These findings support our hypothesis that juvenile play-fighting in muroid rodents involves the precocial expression of precopulatory, not agonistic behavior.     

小儿巨大肾积水的循证诊疗策略与思考

通过典型的病例分析,分别从小儿巨大肾积水的概念、影像学诊断、无功能肾脏的判断以及治疗方式的选用等方面入手,结合循证医学实践的三大要素,包括利用最佳的临床研究证据、注重医生的专业技能和经验、尊重患者的期望和权利。简述临床上治疗小儿巨大肾积水时所应当采用的循证诊疗策略,以及从中引申出来的哲学思考。     

Socialization tactics, proactive behavior, and newcomer learning: Integrating socialization models

The purpose of the study was to examine how socialization processes (socialization tactics and proactive behavior) jointly affect socialization content (i.e., what newcomers learn) and adjustment. Longitudinal survey data from 150 business and engineering graduates during their first 7 months of work indicate that: (1) institutionalized socialization and proactive behavior are each associated with newcomer learning, (2) the socialization processes and learning are each associated with various forms of adjustment, and (3) the socialization processes are associated with adjustment, while controlling for learning. These findings suggest that how newcomers are socialized has substantive and symbolic value over and above what they actually learn.