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941.
A conception of an information system has been introduced by Pawlak. The study has been continued in works of Pawlak and Orlowska and in works of Vakarelov. They had proposed some basic relations and had constructed a formal system of a modal logic that describes the relations and some of their Boolean combinations. Our work is devoted to a generalization of this approach. A class of relation systems and a complete calculus construction method for these systems are proposed. As a corollary of our main result, our paper contains a solution of a Vakarelov's problem: how to construct a formal system that describes all the Boolean combinations of the basic relations. 相似文献
942.
I G da Costa M A Rapoff K Lemanek G L Goldstein 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1997,30(4):687-691
We examined the effects of a combined education and token system intervention to improve adherence to inhaled corticosteroids for an 8-year-old girl and a 10-year-old boy with asthma. Adherence was measured by an electronic chronolog monitor, and disease outcome was assessed by repeated pulmonary function testing. A withdrawal design demonstrated improved adherence and, for 1 child, an associated improvement in pulmonary function occurred. Methodological and clinical implications are discussed, including variables other than adherence that may affect disease outcome. 相似文献
943.
944.
Falsification of matching theory: changes in the asymptote of Herrnstein''s hyperbola as a function of water deprivation.
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Five rats pressed levers on variable-interval schedules of water reinforcement at various levels of water deprivation. In one phase of the experiment, three deprivation conditions that replicated conditions in Heyman and Monaghan (1987) were arranged, along with three less extreme deprivation conditions. In a second phase, water deprivation was arranged so that subjects were exposed to a greater range of access to water per day. Herrnstein's hyperbola described the rats' response-rate data well. The y asymptote, k, of the hyperbola appeared roughly constant over the conditions that replicated those of Heyman and Monaghan, but decreased markedly when less extreme deprivation conditions were included. In addition, k varied systematically when the second method of arranging deprivation was used. These results falsify a strong form of matching theory and confirm predictions made by linear system theory. 相似文献
945.
陈浩文 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》1999,(11)
香港特别行政区政府委托美国哈佛大学一个专家小组对香港的医疗制度作了一个全面评估,并就目前的融资安排(financialarrangement)提出改革方案。小组发表的报告对香港医疗制度作了很多中肯批评,但所提出的融资改革方案却极受争议。方案的主要缺点是违背医疗二级制的精神,令自由选择、关怀和社会公义(socialjustice)等价值难以得到实现。 相似文献
946.
This article reviews contemporary Russian research aimed at integrating and combining qualitative and quantitative evaluation approaches using Luria's procedures of neuropsychological assessment. A scoring system for rating and evaluating cognitive disturbances in different functional areas is described. The advantages of application of this system are discussed, using as examples the neuropsychological follow-up of neurosurgical patients, as well as neuropsychological research into the cognitive disturbances in patients with Parkinsonism and in children who are mentally retarded. The effectiveness of these updates to Luria's approach is demonstrated. 相似文献
947.
Fred Plaut 《The Journal of analytical psychology》1999,44(3):375-393
Rather than begin by defining what we mean when we call a paper 'clinical', I would like to reflect on how such a piece of work originates, how, through the interplay between the written and the spoken word, it becomes clinical and good enough for a professional journal.
In the following, I shall pay particular attention to recent publications from the editorial side, that is, those by Wharton, one of the three editors of The Journal of Analytical Psychology , and by Tuckett, editor of The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis . I shall plead that there should not only be one kind of clinical paper, namely the type that for political reasons seems to be the one that is most wanted at the present time and the aim of which is to put psychoanalysis on more secure foundations than it currently is. 相似文献
In the following, I shall pay particular attention to recent publications from the editorial side, that is, those by Wharton, one of the three editors of The Journal of Analytical Psychology , and by Tuckett, editor of The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis . I shall plead that there should not only be one kind of clinical paper, namely the type that for political reasons seems to be the one that is most wanted at the present time and the aim of which is to put psychoanalysis on more secure foundations than it currently is. 相似文献
948.
Peter P. Kirschenmann 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1991,22(1):61-72
The recent turn to the context of discovery and other postmodernist developments in the philosophy of science have undermined the idea of a universal rationality of science. This parallels the fate of the classical dream of a logic of discovery. Still, justificational questions have remained as a distinct perspective, though comprising both consequential and generative justification — an insight delayed by certain confusions about the (original) context distinction. An examination of one particular heuristic strategy shows its local rationality; even as an efficient procedure of hypothesis generation, it carries probative weight. It will be explored in which respects such a strategy can be normative or contain normative elements.Parts of this paper were published, in summary fashion, in Kirschenmann (1989). 相似文献
949.
Cooperative learning and group contingencies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Robert E. Slavin Ph.D. 《Journal of Behavioral Education》1991,1(1):105-115
This paper discusses the similarities and differences between cooperative learning and group contingencies. Cooperative learning refers to any methods in which students work together to help one another learn, while group contingencies refer to rewarding students based on the performance of a group. Research on the achievement effects of cooperative learning finds that these methods are effective primarily when they incorporate group contingencies, when groups are rewarded based on the average of their members' individual learning performances. The use of group contingencies within cooperative learning is hypothesized to motivate students to do a good job of explaining concepts and skills to their groupmates, and elaborated explanation is the principal behavior found to account for achievement gains in cooperative learning. 相似文献
950.
Variable-ratio schedules as variable-interval schedules with linear feedback loops. 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
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The mathematical theory of linear systems has been used successfully to describe responding on variable-interval (VI) schedules. In the simplest extension of the theory to the variable-ratio (VR) case, VR schedules are treated as if they were VI schedules with linear feedback loops. The assumption entailed by this approach, namely, that VR and VI-plus-linear-feedback schedules are equivalent, was tested by comparing responding on the two types of schedule. Four human subjects' lever pressing produced monetary reinforcers on five VR schedules, and on five VI schedules with linear feedback loops that reproduced the feedback properties of the VR schedules. Pressing was initiated by instructions in 2 subjects, and was shaped by successive approximation in the other 2. The different methods of response initiation did not have differential effects on behavior. For each of the 4 subjects, the VR and the comparable VI-plus-linear-feedback schedules generated similar average response rates and similar response patterns. The subjects' behavior on both types of schedule was similar to that of avian and rodent species on VR schedules. These results indicate that the assumption entailed by the VI-plus-linear-feedback approach to the VR case is valid and, consequently, that the approach is worth pursuing. The results also confute interresponse-time theories of schedule performance, which require interval and ratio contingencies to produce different response rates. 相似文献