《周易》古经"明德慎罚"观辨析

"明德慎罚"是西周初年周公提出的重要法律思想。从《周易》古经中的类似表述来看,其已有明显的"明德慎罚"观。"明德"思想反映在《恒》九三、《益》九五等爻辞中;《临》卦中有对人民实施德教的内容。《周易》古经的"慎罚"观在西周刑罚适用原则中也有体现。西周的"以德配天"、"明德慎罚"的法制思想后来深深扎根于中国传统政治和法律理论之中。研究《周易》古经中"明德慎罚"的法律观,探究它所涉及的西周法制,不仅能为我们研究西周法制提供宝贵的史料,也能更好的梳理商末周初法律思想的变化脉络,进一步印证这一思想对西周社会、政治和法制的影响。     

A case for a duty to feed the hungry: GM plants and the third world

This article is concerned with a discussion of the plausibility of the claim that GM technology has the potential to provide the hungry with sufficient food for subsistence. Following a brief outline of the potential applications of GM in this context, a history of the green revolution and its impact will be discussed in relation to the current developing world agriculture situation. Following a contemporary analysis of malnutrition, the claim that GM technology has the potential to provide the hungry with sufficient nourishment will be discussed within the domain of moral philosophy to determine whether there exists a moral obligation to pursue this end if and only if the technology proves to be relatively safe and effective. By using Peter Singer's duty of moral rescue, I argue that we have a moral duty to assist the third world through the distribution of such GM plants. I conclude the paper by demonstrating that my argument can be supported by applying a version of the Precautionary Principle on the grounds that doing nothing might be worse for the current situation.     

Traits and Adaptations: A Theoretical Examination and New Empirical Evidence

We investigated the distinction between traits (also labelled basic tendencies or dispositions) and (characteristic) adaptations, two related features of the personality system postulated to influence how personality manifests throughout the lifespan. Traits are alleged to be universal, causal, and enduring entities that exist across cultures and through evolutionary time, whereas learned adaptations are acquired through sustained interaction with cultural, physical, and social environments. Although this distinction is central to several personality theories, they provide few measurable criteria to distinguish between traits and adaptations. Moreover, little research has endeavoured to operationalize it, let alone test it empirically. Drawing on insights from four frameworks—the Five-Factor Theory, Cybernetic Big Five Theory, Disposition–Adaptation–Environment Model, and New Big Five—we attempted to investigate the distinction both theoretically and empirically. Using various experimental rating conditions, we first scored 240 questionnaire items in their degrees of definitionally reflecting traits and/or adaptations. Next, we correlated these definitional ratings with the items' estimates of rank-order stability, consensual validity, and heritability—criteria often associated with personality traits. We found some evidence that items rated as more trait-like and less adaptation-like correspond to higher cross-rater agreement and stability but not heritability. These associations survived controlling for items' retest reliability, social desirability, and variance. The theoretical and empirical implications of these findings are discussed. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology     

4-5岁幼儿数数行为的规则性与策略化应用特点的研究

本研究的主要目的是考察4-5岁儿童数数行为的规则性和策略化应用特点。研究选取了104名幼儿园中班儿童(年龄范围4-5岁),男女各半,采用现场实验法进行了逐一测查,测查任务为标准计数任务和数字复制任务。结果发现:4-5岁儿童的数数行为已经遵循一些数数规则,如固定顺序原则、一一对应原则和基数原则;但该年龄段的儿童还不会自发地把数数作为问题解决的策略应用于比较两组物体数目的问题上。     

具身记忆及其内在机制

具身记忆研究主要探讨身体及其感觉运动过程在记忆中的作用。操纵或限制身体的物理状态、具身特征或可用性,可以影响记忆的效率、效价和内容。其内在机制可以通过编码特异性原理、启动效应、隐喻表征理论和再激活假说进行解释,但尚未形成统一的模型。基于现有研究与理论的共性,提出具身记忆的感觉运动模拟模型,强调重新激活在具身记忆中的作用,以期在同一框架下说明身体作用于记忆的过程,并进一步指出重新激活的条件。未来亟需在具身记忆的稳定性以及深层机制等方面进行多维度的基础和应用研究。     

汉语口语词汇产生的音韵编码单元：内隐启动范式的ERP研究

本研究中选择英语水平低的汉语母语者,排除作为二语的英语音韵编码单元(音素)可能对汉语口语词汇产生过程的影响后,运用事件相关电位技术,考察了汉语口语产生过程中音节和音素效应的时间进程。实验采用内隐启动范式,要求被试看到提示词之后说出对应的目标词。事件相关电位分析结果发现,音节效应出现在线索词呈现后的100～400 ms之间,音素效应出现在500～600 ms之间,波形表现为相关条件比无关条件的波形更正。这表明在词汇选择之后的音韵编码阶段讲话者首先提取的单元是音节,而音素效应出现的时间窗口可能是音韵编码阶段后期或者是语音编码阶段,结果验证了合适编码单元假说的观点。     

人类增强技术的伦理考量

人类增强技术作为利用高新技术提高人类机体功能或能力的一种技术干预手段,是对人类身体进行的一种技术上的改变,这必然在“人是什么”、社会公平、安全与自主权等方面引发一定的社会伦理问题。而这正是对“人是目的,而不仅仅是手段”这一绝对律令的违背。由此需要对人类增强技术进行全面的评估,从坚守“增强底线原则”、相关法规的制定和加强伦理审查等方面采取有效对策,预防或减少不良后果的产生。这样才能保证人类增强技术的发展做到有效性与合理性、真理性与价值性、安全性与效益性的完美统一。     

新冠疫情中公共卫生监测伦理问题研究

公共卫生监测作为我国疫情防控的重要手段,在此次突发重大传染病疫情中被广泛应用,取得了很好的疫情防控效果。但在实施过程中也暴露出隐私保护、知情同意、公众参与、污名化等伦理问题,通过对公共卫生监测的主要伦理问题进行分析,揭示其产生的原因,并提出解决伦理难题应该遵循的伦理原则及对策,包括在遵循效用原则、尊重原则、互助原则、不伤害原则等伦理学原则的基础上,进一步完善隐私保护及数据安全共享方案,保障监测主体的知情同意权,倡导与弘扬守望相助公民伦理精神,合法普及科学知识及强化公众教育等措施。

     

纳米认知增强技术的伦理考量

纳米认知增强技术是在纳米尺度上对大脑进行直接干预,从而提升正常个体认知功能的技术。该技术以其在微观环境下的高效和精准而独得宠爱,但也可引发安全和风险、自主和尊严、公平与正义以及“过时人”方面的伦理问题。在该技术的开发和将来应用过程中,必须遵循生命伦理原则,并从风险评估、伦理审查、研发主体和使用主体的道德约束和责任感、监管体系、社会价值导向和舆论环境等多角度、全方位入手,实施积极有效的对策,以使其始终沿着促进人类福祉的道路发展。

     

罕见病患者的权利保障：论争与辨析

充分保障罕见病患者是国家文明程度的重要体现。尽管各国通过法律和制度,力促罕见病患者平等医疗权的实现,但由于发病率低导致治疗成本高,患者权利仍难获保障。学界围绕是否要保障及如何保障展开了激烈论争。当代西方学者的研究集中于：如何优先保障罕见病患者的平等医疗权,让社会接受罕用药低成本效益的正当性。他们提出以平等原则、营救原则取代成本效益原则进行资源分配,或跨越实体公正原则,遵循程序公正原则。这些辩护与尝试虽未让各国各界达成共识,但为罕见病患者权利保障研究提供了伦理指引与道德基础。