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81.
82.
《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(5):1006-1033
The article investigates the relation between declarative and procedural working memory (WM; Oberauer, 2009). Two experiments test the assumption that representations in the two subsystems are selected for processing in analogous ways. Participants carried out a series of decisions on memorized lists of digits. For each decision, they had to select declarative and procedural representations. Regarding declarative representations, participants selected a memory set and a digit within this set as the input to each decision. With respect to the procedural representations, they selected a task set to be applied to the selected digit and a response within that task set. We independently manipulated the number of lists and the number of tasks to be switched among (one, two, or three; Experiment 1) and preparation time for a list switch (Experiment 2). For three effects commonly observed in task-switch studies, analogues in declarative WM were found: list-switch costs, mixing costs, and residual switch costs. List- and task-switch costs were underadditive, suggesting that declarative and procedural representations are selected separately and in parallel. The findings support the hypothesis of two analogous WM subsystems. 相似文献
83.
《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(2):358-376
There is increasing evidence that task rules help shield the response against distractor interference. Here, the authors investigate the cognitive mechanisms underlying this assumed shielding function of task rules and how it is adjusted to changing task demands. In two experiments, participants switched between a noun categorization and an adjective categorization task. Target words were superimposed on distractor pictures. These pictures were always irrelevant and depicted either objects also used as target words in the noun task (noun distractors) or objects that were not part of the noun target-set but could be categorized according to the noun task (noun-related distractors). Results show that (a) on task repetitions shielding prevents interference from any distractors associated with a competing task; this is indicated by the lack of interference on adjective task repetitions; and (b) shielding is reduced on task switches. In the noun task, this reduction resulted in attenuated interference by noun-related distractors. In the adjective task, spatial distractors did not interfere despite the reduction. This result suggests that shielding is supported by a processing advantage for task-related information and not by distractor suppression. 相似文献
84.
采用任务转换范式,分别以阿拉伯数字奇偶判断和组成汉字词的汉字结构一致性判断为任务,通过两个实验探查了不同类型材料在任务转换中的反应—反应相容性效应。结果发现:(1)材料类型对反应—反应相容性效应有影响,任务转换前阿拉伯数字材料存在反应—反应相容性效应,汉字词材料不存在反应—反应相容性效应;(2)任务转换时段对阿拉伯数字奇偶判断任务的反应—反应相容性效应没有影响,转换前后阿拉伯数字奇偶判断任务都存在反应—反应相容性效应;(3)任务转换时段对汉字词任务的反应—反应相容性有影响。转换前没有反应—反应相容性效应,转换后存在反应—反应相容性效应。 相似文献
85.
86.
Paul A. Djupe Ryan P. Burge Christopher R.H. Garneau 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2024,63(1):5-22
The foundation of religious measurement in surveys presumes that individual religious affiliation (“What is your present religion, if any?”) accurately describes the religious community in which respondents are involved. But what if it doesn't? In a recent survey of 4,000 Americans, we asked whether their current congregation matches their religious identity and about a fifth of Americans indicated that it does not. We document the degree of this inconsistency, its correlates, and its implications, focusing primarily on the politics that congregants are exposed to from clergy and the attitudes they hold about salient political matters. The identity-inconsistent attenders often vary significantly from identity-consistent attenders, which serves to introduce considerable measurement error in the use of a religious tradition measure to depict American religion. The results suggest that salient disagreement induces a sizable population to migrate to a congregation outside their religious identity. 相似文献
87.
以熟练汉-英双语者为被试, 考察了在短语水平上语码切换的机制及切换代价的来源。结果表明:(1)汉语与英语表示空间方所的短语的差异和表示量的短语的对应与否影响语码切换过程, 但对于两种语言的切换代价的影响不显著, 表明语码切换代价未受特定语言的语法特征影响; (2)熟练汉-英双语者在短语水平上表现出语码切换代价的不对称性:切换至熟练语言的代价比切换至非熟练语言的代价大; (3)熟练汉-英双语者的切换代价源于两种语言短语的激活和竞争, 支持非特定语言选择假说, 可以用抑制控制模型来解释。整个研究表明, 熟练双语者的语码切换代价源于语言表征系统之外。 相似文献
88.
《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2013,25(2):204-219
Two experiments explored the process of switching items in and out of the focus of attention using a new paradigm, the N-count task (adapted from Garavan, 1998; N varied from 1 to 4). This task yielded a focus size of one, indicated by a substantial focus-switch cost for 2-count. Additionally, the focus-switch costs in response time increased with working memory load, indicating an effortful search process occurring at a speed of about 240 ms/item. Maintaining and switching to and from a passive load did not increase the focus-switch costs or decrease memory accuracy, indicating that there is no crosstalk between passive and active items. The results support a concentric theory of working memory: a small focus at its core, a surrounding area of (at least) three readily available items referred to as the outer store, and a still wider region of passive storage, possibly more long-term memory than working memory. 相似文献
89.
中-英双语者语言理解中非加工语言的自动激活 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用长时重复启动范式探讨母语为汉语的中-英双语者语言理解中非加工语言的激活状况。实验1和实验2使用词汇判断任务, 实验3和实验4使用概念判断任务。在每个实验的第一个小实验中, 非加工语言是英文, 在每个实验的第二个小实验中, 非加工语言是中文。实验1和实验3探讨学习阶段的非加工词在测验阶段呈现时能否出现长时重复启动效应, 从而检验双语者语言理解中非加工语言有没有自动激活; 实验2和实验4探讨学习阶段的非加工词在测验阶段以翻译对等词呈现时能否出现长时重复启动效应, 从而检验双语者语言理解中非加工语言的语义有没有自动激活。总的实验结果表明, 母语为汉语的中-英双语者在语言理解过程中, 加工一种语言(目标语言)时, 非加工语言(要求被试忽略的另一种语言)会自动激活, 但在词汇任务情境中, 非加工语言只在词汇层面上激活, 其语义不会自动激活, 而在概念任务情境中, 非加工语言的词汇层面和语义层面都会自动激活。 相似文献
90.
Kenneth R. Paap Hunter A. Myuz Regina T. Anders Morgan F. Bockelman Roman Mikulinsky Oliver M. Sawi 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2017,29(2):89-112
Participants completed three cued-switching tasks, responded to two category-fluency probes, two letter-fluency probes, and two probes to alternate between two targets. Correlations across the three cued-switching tasks were significant for both switching costs and mixing costs. The bilingual advantage hypothesis was tested both by forming language groups and treating bilingualism as a continuous variable. No bilingual advantages were observed. In verbal-fluency monolinguals generated more correct responses but the bilingual disadvantage on the category task was not reduced in the letter-fluency scores. The bilingual disadvantage was eliminated when the groups were matched on vocabulary size. The verbal-fluency measures obtained when participants alternated between targets weakly correlated with the switching-costs obtained in the cued-switching tasks. 相似文献