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261.
元认知知识是元认知的主要成份之一,它由三部分知识组成:认知主体方面的知识、认知任务方面的知识和认知策略方面的知识。在教学过程中加强对学生元认知知识的培养与训练,有利于学生学会学习,从而达到最佳的学习效果。元认知知识的评定难以在大规模考试中实现,应该综合运用多种方法在日常教学中加以评定,并作为主要任务之一纳入学生的形成性评价。 相似文献
262.
To test young children’s false belief theory of mind in a morally relevant context, two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, children (N = 162) at 3.5, 5.5, and 7.5 years of age were administered three tasks: prototypic moral transgression task, false belief theory of mind task (ToM), and an “accidental transgressor” task, which measured a morally-relevant false belief theory of mind (MoToM). Children who did not pass false belief ToM were more likely to attribute negative intentions to an accidental transgressor than children who passed false belief ToM, and to use moral reasons when blaming the accidental transgressor. In Experiment 2, children (N = 46) who did not pass false belief ToM viewed it as more acceptable to punish the accidental transgressor than did participants who passed false belief ToM. Findings are discussed in light of research on the emergence of moral judgment and theory of mind. 相似文献
263.
This research examines the effects of group faultline activation on coalition formation, conflict, and group outcomes. We distinguish between dormant faultlines (potential faultlines based on demographic characteristics) and activated group faultlines (members actually perceive subgroups based on the demographic characteristics) and hypothesize that while dormant faultlines do not automatically turn into active group divisions, a group’s entitlement configuration can activate divisions among group members. Study 1 was a construct validity study to verify the psychometric properties of the activated group faultline measure and explain its connection to other process variables. In Studies 2 and 3, we tested our hypotheses and found that groups with activated faultlines were more likely to form coalitions, have high levels of group conflict, and lower levels of satisfaction and group performance than dormant faultline groups. Furthermore, team identification moderated the effects of activated faultlines on group processes such that a strong workgroup identity decreased the likelihood that activated faultlines led to coalition formation and conflict. 相似文献
264.
为了检验跨学科概念图在跨学科知识整合中的作用,设计了跨学科概念图干预计划,以180名中学生为被试,采用实验组与控制组对比实验方法,探讨了跨学科概念图对跨学科学业成就的影响。结果表明:(1)跨学科概念图干预计划显著提高了实验组被试的跨学科学业成绩;(2)对于不同成就者而言,干预计划显著提高了中低成就者的跨学科学业成绩,而对高成就者跨学科学业成绩的影响不显著。这意味着跨学科概念图作为跨学科知识整合领域的智力适应工具能够有效提高学习者的跨学科学业成就,但是其对不同层次学习者跨学科学业成就的影响具有适应性差异。 相似文献
265.
探讨一致的先前知识对类别学习的影响,包括2个实验。被试是112名大学生,分别探讨不同实验任务和不同项目呈现时间引发的机械特征在类别学习中的重要程度和加工程度不同的情况下先前知识对类别学习的影响。结果表明:(1)在实验任务为项目类别归属判断任务时,机械特征重要程度低,主题特征与机械特征在学习上存在竞争关系;在实验任务为项目类别归属及记忆任务时,机械特征重要程度高,主题特征与机械特征在学习上存在促进关系。(2)在限制步速呈现项目时,机械特征加工程度低,主题特征与机械特征在学习上存在竞争关系;而在自定步速呈现项目时,机械特征加工程度高,主题特征与机械特征在学习上不存在竞争关系。 相似文献
266.
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268.
采用“新手—创业经验丰富者” 对比范式,分别以114名在校无创业经历大学生和94名创业大学生作为被试,通过不同被试对自编复杂机会情景的反应搜集其对机会识别的表现,同时探讨了大学生创业警觉性、既有知识对创业机会识别的影响。结果表明:两类大学生创业警觉性、既有知识差异显著,创业大学生明显好于一般大学生。两类大学生在创业警觉性的三个维度以及既有知识的两个维度上均存在显著性差异,创业大学生均显著优于于一般大学生。创业大学生既有知识对机会识别具有显著影响;一般大学生创业警觉性对机会识别具有显著影响。此外,大学生既有知识可能通过警觉性影响机会识别。 相似文献
269.
Kevin McCain 《Synthese》2008,164(2):185-200
Although several important methodologies implicitly assume the truth of epistemic conservatism, the view that holding a belief
confers some measure of justification on the belief, recent criticisms have led some to conclude that epistemic conservatism
is an implausible view. That conclusion is mistaken. In this article, I propose a new formulation of epistemic conservatism
that is not susceptible to the criticisms leveled at earlier formulations of epistemic conservatism. In addition to withstanding
these criticisms, this formulation of epistemic conservatism has several benefits. First, this formulation has the benefits
of earlier formulations of epistemic conservatism, that is to say it makes sense of our intuitions about justification in
regard to both memory beliefs and beliefs for which we have forgotten our evidence. Second, it provides a good way of responding
to the skeptic’s challenge concerning the possibility of possessing knowledge of the external world posed by the Alternative
Hypotheses argument. Third, it provides responses to both forms of a new skeptical problem plaguing basic knowledge structure
theories, the Problem of Easy Knowledge formulated by Stewart Cohen. I argue that given the many benefits of this formulation
of epistemic conservatism and the fact that it is not vulnerable to the criticisms that undermine earlier formulations of
epistemic conservatism, this formulation of epistemic conservatism is a plausible view to maintain. 相似文献
270.
Drawing on transactional theories of child development, we assessed bidirectional links between trajectories of adolescent
substance use and parenting processes from early through mid adolescence. Hierarchical generalized models estimated trajectories
for 3,317 adolescents from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, exploring both between- and within-individual effects.
Between individuals, adolescents reporting more regular family activities and greater father and mother knowledge of friends
and teachers experienced lower levels of substance use through mid adolescence. Similarly, adolescents with more frequent
substance use reported lower family activities, father knowledge, and mother knowledge, though these differences dissipated
over time. More conservative within-individual differences indicated a prospective protective effect of family activities,
with increases in adolescent participation in family activities predicting later declines in substance use. Results support
the central importance of engagement in regular family activities, and suggest the need for further exploration of transactional
processes between parents and children in the development of risk behaviors. 相似文献