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151.
Dungang Liu Xiaorui Zhu Brandon Greenwell Zewei Lin 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2023,76(1):192-210
Probit models are used extensively for inferential purposes in the social sciences as discrete data are prevalent in a vast body of social studies. Among many accompanying model inference problems, a critical question remains unsettled: how to develop a goodness-of-fit measure that resembles the ordinary least square (OLS) R2 used for linear models. Such a measure has long been sought to achieve ‘comparability’ of different empirical models across multiple samples addressing similar social questions. To this end, we propose a novel R2 measure for probit models using the notion of surrogacy – simulating a continuous variable as a surrogate of the original discrete response (Liu & Zhang, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 113, 845 and 2018). The proposed R2 is the proportion of the variance of the surrogate response explained by explanatory variables through a linear model, and we call it a surrogate R2. This paper shows both theoretically and numerically that the surrogate R2 approximates the OLS R2 based on the latent continuous variable, preserves the interpretation of explained variation, and maintains monotonicity between nested models. As no other pseudo R2, McKelvey and Zavoina's and McFadden's included, can meet all the three criteria simultaneously, our measure fills this crucial void in probit model inference. 相似文献
152.
AbstractThe ways in which the decisions we make for others differ from the ones we make for ourselves has received much attention in the literature, although less is known about their relationship to our predictions of the recipient’s preferences. The latter question is of particular importance given real-world occurrences of surrogate decision-making which require surrogates to consider the recipient’s preferences. We conducted three experiments which explore this relationship in the medical and financial domains. Although there were mean discrepancies between surrogate predictions and choices, we identified a predictive relationship between the two. Moreover, when participants took high risks for themselves, it seems that they were not willing to do so for others, even when they believed that the recipient’s preferences were similar to their own. We discuss these findings relative to current theories and real-world instances of surrogate decision-making. 相似文献
153.
Charlene Weaving 《Sport, Ethics and Philosophy》2020,14(2):176-191
ABSTRACTI analyze the case of pregnant athletes, and argue that sexism surrounds pregnant athlete’s participation in sport. I claim that we stigmatize the pregnant body in action. Participating in sport while pregnant is often considered socially irresponsible behaviour because of unfounded fear of harming the fetus. Many believe that elite sport is in conflict with reproductive ability. However, this belief is not rooted in scientific findings, and rather is reinforced by traditional sexist views of the woman’s athletic body and its capabilities. Analyzing the various degrees of sexism like sexual objectification and unjust discrimination that surround the pregnant athlete is a relevant and necessary exercise in order to challenge traditional sexist views and increase agency for the pregnant athlete. 相似文献
154.
Davi M. Macedo Lisa G. Smithers Rachel M. Roberts Lisa M. Jamieson 《Australian psychologist》2020,55(4):336-348