REVERSAL OF BASELINE RELATIONS AND STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE: II. CHILDREN

In a systematic replication of a study using college-student subjects (Pilgrim & Galizio, 1990), 5- to 7-year-old children learned two conditional discriminations (i.e., A1B1, A2B2, A1C1, and A2C2) in a two-choice arbitrary match-to-sample task and showed the emergence of two three-member equivalence classes (A1B1C1 and A2B2C2). Baseline conditional discrimination performances were quickly controlled by reversals of the AC reinforcement contingencies (i.e., choosing Comparison Stimulus C2 was reinforced given Sample A1, and choosing C1 was reinforced given Sample A2) when the reversals were introduced in restricted baselines. On reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity/equivalence probes following the reversal, there was some limited indication of equivalence-class reorganization (i.e., A1B1C2 and A2B2C1) in keeping with the concurrently performed baseline relations for 2 of 5 subjects, but the predominant pattern across probe trials was one of inconsistent conditional control. These findings suggest that, given similar challenges, equivalence-class performances may be more easily disrupted in young children than in adults.     

子女越孝顺老年人越幸福吗?老年人孝道期待的作用

孝道是影响老年人幸福感的重要变量之一, 然而, 以往研究却得出相互矛盾的结论, 其中可能的重要原因之一是没有聚焦老年人孝道期待的实现程度。采用二次响应面回归分析探究老年人孝道期待和子女孝道支持行为之间的匹配度对老年人生活满意度和孤独感的影响。研究结果表明, 对于生活满意度而言, 和不匹配相比, 情感期待和情感支持以及联络期待和联络支持匹配时老年人生活满意度更高; 在期待和支持匹配的情况下, 生活满意度随信息期待和信息支持的增加而提高; 并且老年人的生活满意度仅随工具支持的增加而提高, 但与工具期待没有关系。对于孤独感而言, 在情感期待和情感支持二者不匹配时, 较于情感期待低于情感支持, 情感期待高于情感支持时老年人的孤独感更高; 孤独感仅随联络支持和信息支持的增加而降低, 与联络期待、信息期待、工具期待以及工具支持没有关系。该研究得出以下结论：老年人孝道期待的实现程度是提高其生活满意度的重要因素, 而情感期待高于情感支持是影响老年人孤独感的重要因素。     

Authoritarianism,Anger, and Hostile Attribution Bias: A Test of Affect Displacement

Past research has supported the hypothesis that the relationship between harsh childhood punishment and adult political attitudes is due to the displacement of negative emotions that arise onto punitive public policies, e.g., support for the death penalty (Milburn, Conrad, Sala, & Carberry, 1995). Cognitions associated with childhood punishment may also impact adult political attitudes, yet their effects have not yet been examined, despite research that shows that punitive childhood experiences increase the tendency to attribute hostility to others. Thus, we investigated whether the tendency to make hostile attributions about others' behavior influences a person's authoritarianism, controlling for their parents' political orientation. Respondents completed an online survey concerning their childhood punishment experiences, their parents' political orientation, their trait anger, their level of hostile attribution bias (HAB), and their authoritarianism. Multiple regression analyses and structural equation modeling (SEM) found that higher childhood punishment has a significant direct effect on higher levels of authoritarianism, even after controlling for parents' political orientation, and that trait anger and HAB appear to mediate the effects of childhood punishment experiences on authoritarianism,. These results support the process of affect displacement as an important influence on adult punitiveness and political orientation.     

体外冲击波与传统方法治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效比较

比较放散式体外冲击波与传统保守治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效及生命质量评价。对2010年6月至fi013年6月收治且获得随访的257例腰椎间盘突出症患者进行分析,其中男139例,女118例。根据治疗方式不同随机分为两组,并在治疗前后应用日本骨科学会（JOA）下腰痛评分法及视觉模拟评分（VAS）进行疗效评价,应用健康调查评分量表SF-36进行生活质量评价。对患者进行随访1周～12周,平均（10．0±3．4）周,治疗组治疗后2周和4周VAS评分低于对照组,治疗后1周、2周及4周JOA评分高于对照组,治疗后4周、8周和12周的生理机能、生理职能、总体健康、情感职能和躯体疼痛得分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。放散式体外冲击波治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效较好,并能够较好地提高患者的生活质量。     

Role of surface roughness in hysteresis during adhesive elastic contact

In experiments that involve contact with adhesion between two surfaces, as found in atomic force microscopy or nanoindentation, two distinct contact force (P) versus indentation-depth (h) curves are often measured depending on whether the indenter moves towards or away from the sample. The origin of this hysteresis is not well understood and is often attributed to moisture, plasticity or viscoelasticity. Here we report experiments which show that hysteresis can exist in the absence of these effects, and that its magnitude depends on surface roughness. We develop a theoretical model in which the hysteresis appears as the result of a series of surface instabilities, in which the contact area grows or recedes by a finite amount. The model can be used to estimate material properties from contact experiments even when the measured P–h curves are not unique.     

Background surface and horizon effects in the perception of relative size and distance

The projected height of an object in a scene relative to a ground surface influences its perceived size and distance, but the effect of height should change when the object is moved above the horizon. In four experiments, observers judged relative size or relative distance for pairs of objects varying in height with respect to the horizon. Higher objects equal in projected size were judged larger below the horizon, but the relative size effect was reversed either when one object was on the horizon and one was above the horizon or when both objects were above the horizon. With the real horizon not explicitly present in the display, relative size judgements were affected both by the boundary of the visible surface and the vanishing point implied by the converging lines. For relative distance judgements, the higher object was judged more distant regardless of the height of the objects relative to the perceptual horizon, resulting in a reversal of the relation between size and distance judgements for objects above the horizon.     

颜色恒常知觉的影响因素探索及其非线性建模

采用计算机仿真技术,研究了照明、表面和背景对颜色恒常的影响,结果表明：照明性质、表面属性以及背景属性均对颜色恒常程度产生显著影响,三者的影响是相互独立的;不同照明性质对颜色恒常程度具有不同影响,中性色照明光下颜色恒常程度较高;人的颜色恒常也依赖于物体的表面属性,对不同的表面进行匹配时,表现出了颜色恒常程度的较大波动;相同背景属性较不同背景属性具有较高的颜色恒常程度。在实验研究基础上建立了非线性颜色恒常模型,该模型对实验数据进行了很好拟合,具有了一定的符合人认知特点的颜色恒常能力。     

不同语境下汉语三声连续变调发生规律初探

采用命名任务,考察真／假词条件下,三声连续变调规律的运用及其对语音提取的影响。实验结果显示．(1)普通话流利者具有三声连续变调意识,变调的发生不受三声字所在语境的影响;(2)三声连续变调的发生影响词汇语音提取,但对类型不同的词,其影响方式存在差异。对阅读错误的分析为讨论提供了进一步证据。     

When are workload and workplace learning opportunities related in a curvilinear manner? The moderating role of autonomy

Building on theoretical frameworks like the Job Demands Control model and Action Theory we tested whether the relationship between workload and employees' experiences of opportunities for workplace learning is of an inverted u-shaped nature and whether autonomy moderates this relationship. We predicted that – at moderate levels of autonomy – workload was positively associated with learning opportunities at low levels of workload, but negatively at high levels of workload. Also, we predicted that low autonomy prevents positive effects of moderate workload from materializing whereas high autonomy makes high workload less destructive to the learning process. Furthermore, we examined whether learning opportunities increase particularly as a function of higher matched levels of workload and autonomy and whether mismatch between workload and autonomy is particularly detrimental to the learning process. We found support for these ideas in two large and heterogeneous samples of working adults using moderated and polynomial regression analyses and subsequent response surface methodology. These results integrate conflicting prior findings and extend Karasek's (1979) active learning hypothesis. They also have clear implications for job redesign practices aiming to promote workplace learning opportunities.     

Why go the extra mile? A longitudinal study on sojourn goals and their impact on sojourners' adaptation

Although international student mobility has become a ubiquitous phenomenon in many parts of the world, the goals that student sojourners pursue when moving abroad have received little systematic attention in psychological research. Likewise, their effects on psychological outcomes such as sojourners' psychological and sociocultural adaptation abroad have not yet been examined. Hence, the purpose of the present research was twofold: First, we established the parsimonious Sojourn Goals Scale and confirmed its psychometric quality and construct validity. Second, we used a longitudinal sample of student sojourners to investigate the role of sojourn goals for sojourners' sociocultural (i.e., sojourners' social relationships) and psychological (i.e., sojourn satisfaction) adaptation abroad at 3 months into the sojourn. Regression analyses revealed substantial effects of sojourn goals on measures of sociocultural adaptation. Response surface analyses served to examine the interplay of sojourn goals and respective sojourn experiences on sojourn satisfaction. We discuss implications for both psychological and applied research and identify future research needs.