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排序方式: 共有236条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
The development of position and stimulus biases often occurs during initial training on matching-to-sample tasks. Furthermore, without intervention, these biases can be maintained via intermittent reinforcement provided by matching-to-sample contingencies. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a correction procedure designed to eliminate both position and stimulus biases. Following key-peck training, a group of 6 pigeons had extended exposure to matching-to-sample contingencies without a correction procedure, a group of 4 pigeons was briefly exposed to a simultaneous matching-to-sample procedure to assess biases prior to exposure to the correction procedure, and a group of 5 pigeons was exposed directly to the correction procedure. The correction procedure arranged that every time an incorrect match was made, the trial configuration was repeated on the subsequent trial until a correct match was made. Extended exposure to matching-to-sample contingencies without a correction procedure was associated with reduced biases eventually for most subjects, but rapid development of near-perfect accuracy and bias-free performance was observed upon the implementation of the correction procedure regardless of the type of bias. Bias-free performance was maintained following subsequent exposure to a zero-delay MTS procedure. 相似文献
32.
This study investigated how shallow processing (complexity rating), deep processing (pleasantness rating), and semantic generation (translating from English) of Chinese words affects conscious memory (CM) and unconscious memory (UM) of the words with three implicit tests: word association, word identification, and word-stem completion. A metacognition-based dissociation procedure was used to estimate the two forms of memory for each test. Except for the shallow condition preceding the word-association test, all three study conditions produced a positive effect on the estimate of CM. The estimate of UM did not benefit from any of the study conditions in the word-association test, it benefited from the shallow and deep conditions but did not benefit from the generation condition in the stem-completion test, and it benefited from the shallow condition but did not benefit from the deep and generation conditions in the word-identification test. Implications of these results for CM and UM operations are discussed. 相似文献
33.
One of the fundamental issues in the study of animal cognition concerns categorization. Although domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are on the brink to become one of the model animals in animal psychology, their categorization abilities are unknown. This
is probably largely due to the absence of an adequate method for testing dogs’ ability to discriminate between large sets
of pictures in the absence of human cueing. Here we present a computer-automated touch-screen testing procedure, which enabled
us to test visual discrimination in dogs while social cueing was ruled out. Using a simultaneous discrimination procedure,
we first trained dogs (N = 4) to differentiate between a set of dog pictures (N = 40) and an equally large set of landscape pictures. All subjects learned to discriminate between the two sets and showed
successful transfer to novel pictures. Interestingly, presentation of pictures providing contradictive information (novel
dog pictures mounted on familiar landscape pictures) did not disrupt performance, which suggests that the dogs made use of
a category-based response rule with classification being coupled to category-relevant features (of the dog) rather than to
item-specific features (of the background). We conclude that dogs are able to classify photographs of natural stimuli by means
of a perceptual response rule using a newly established touch-screen procedure.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
34.
Ralf Dohrenbusch O. Berndt Scholz Ralf Ott 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2006,28(2):69-77
This study investigated whether conscious and preconscious memory features contribute to discrimination between depressive
and somatoform disorders. Thirty-one participants fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for a somatoform disorder and 28 participants
fulfilling the criteria for depression were examined within the framework of the process–dissociation paradigm using neutral,
health-threatening, and general threatening words in a lexical decision task. Parameters of conscious memory, preconscious
memory, and chance were used to compare memory features of both the groups. There was an inverse relationship between conscious
and preconscious memory effects for health-threatening stimuli in the group of patients with somatoform disorders but not
in the group of depressive patients. Patients with somatoform disorders showed a significantly lower level of conscious memory
for health-threatening stimuli than depressive participants. Compared to depressive patients, a more dynamic relationship
between decreased conscious and increased preconscious memory for health-related stimuli seems to be characteristic for patients
with somatoform disorders. 相似文献
35.
胃癌前哨淋巴结研究路在何方 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
淋巴结转移程度和清除范围是影响胃癌预后的重要因素,根据胃癌前哨淋巴结研究的现状、存在的问题,探索胃癌前哨淋巴结的研究方向,对于揭示胃癌淋巴结转移规律、指导外科手术具有重要意义。 相似文献
36.
超声检查具有实时、动态、灵活、方便等优点,在临床上有重要作用。介入性超声是在超声显像的基础上,为进一步满足临床诊断和治疗的需要而发展起来的一门新技术,在微创医学体系中占有非常重要的地位,但只有与其它微创技术联合应用才更有活力和生机。 相似文献
37.
理性看待微创外科 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
刘泉开 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2006,27(7):23-24
所谓“微创”,乃是传统外科发展的伸延和提升。微创不等于无创,微创需要科学的决策,同时微创要运用循证医学。微创具有广阔的前景,但它的治疗之路依然很长。它需要进一步的完善。目前,还不是丰收的季节。 相似文献
38.
低位直肠癌保肛手术循证医学证据 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
李占武 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2006,27(12):53-54,57
低位直肠癌是否行保肛手术的主要依据是病人的全身条件、肿瘤的分化程度、浸润转移的范围以及距齿状线的距离而个体化对待。对于低位直肠癌是否行保肛手术、低位直肠癌保肛手术后是否行结肠贮袋吻合术、直肠癌术前是否新辅助治疗以及是否行腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛手术,这些方面都需要依据循证医学证据,不能凭个人主观意愿,这样才有助于进一步提高直肠癌的治疗效果。 相似文献
39.
Rebecca S. Bernard Lindsey L. Cohen 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2006,13(3):282-287
Infants’ procedural pain and parents’ treatment room anxiety has been largely ignored in the research and clinical domains. To understand and manage infant procedural pain, it is essential to examine the correlates and potential predictors of this pain. Given that parent anxiety is a strong predictor of preschoolers’ procedural anxiety and pain, it is likely that parents play a role in infants’ distress during medical procedures. The purpose of this study was to thoroughly examine parent anxiety and its effects on infant procedural pain for 37 parent-infant dyads. Results demonstrated that only parent self-report measures were intercorrelated and several measures of parent distress correlated with measures of infant distress. Treatment implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.This article is based on the master's thesis of the first author under the direction of the second, at West Virginia University. 相似文献
40.
尤吾兵 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2007,28(9):38-39
医德是医学道德的简称,具言之,它是指医务人员在医疗卫生服务的职业活动中应该具备的仁爱、救死扶伤等的品德,是道德德目在医务人员身上的内化,也是对医务人员必须具备的最起码的要求.我们评价一个医生,首先是直面他的医德,医德是医生形象的体现,没有医德的医生即使技艺再高超,也算不上一个完整意义上的医生,"无德不成医".事实上一个医德低下的医生,他的技艺也不会高超的. 相似文献