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881.
采用2(年级)×2(声旁家族大小)×2(形旁家族大小)三因素混合实验设计,在形声字识别中考察了三、五年级儿童的形旁和声旁家族效应。结果仅在三年级中发现了显著的形旁家族大小效应,而五年级中却没有发现。但两个年级中形旁和声旁家族的交互作用均显著。进一步分析发现在声旁处于大家族时,形旁也处于大家族时,三、五年级儿童的反应时更快。此结果说明声旁和形旁家族共同影响形声字识别,但在三年级儿童中,形旁家族效应可以不依赖于声旁家族单独发挥作用,五年级儿童中却没有独立的形旁家族效应。 相似文献
882.
Atypical items of their semantic category yield more generalisation than their typical members when relearning in connectionist networks (Plaut, D. C. (1996). Relearning after damage in connectionist networks: toward a theory of rehabilitation. Brain and Language, 52(1), 25–82) and in empirical studies (Kiran, S., & Thompson, C. K. (2003). The role of semantic complexity in treatment of naming deficits: Training semantic categories in fluent aphasia by controlling exemplar typicality. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46(4), 773–787). It seems therefore that atypical words provide more information about the overall structure of the semantic category due to their specific and shared features. In this view, atypical primes could strongly facilitate the processing of targets compared to typical primes, because typical primes contain little information about the variation between members within a category. In contrast, three semantic priming experiments in visual word recognition showed an advantage with the typical context, but not with the atypical one. These findings were observed in a variety of tasks, including lexical decision, categorisation and semantic judgment. Our results do not support the findings about generalisation in relearning and suggest that typicality effects in semantic priming mostly come from the activation of representative features of categories. 相似文献
883.
In this study, we designed a visual short‐term priming paradigm to investigate the mechanisms underlying the priming of movements and to probe movement representations in motor experts and matched controls. We employed static visual stimuli that implied or not human whole‐body movements, that is, gymnastics movements and static positions. Twelve elite female gymnasts and twelve matched controls performed a speeded two‐choice response time task. The participants were presented with congruent and incongruent prime‐target pairs and had to decide whether the target stimulus represented a gymnastics movement or a static position. First, a visual priming effect was observed in the two groups. Second, a stimulus–response rote association could not easily account for our results. Novel primes never presented as targets could also prime the targets. Third, by manipulating three levels of prime‐target relations in moving congruent pairs, we demonstrated that the more similar prime‐target pairs, the greater the facilitation in target. Lastly, gymnastics motor expertise impacted on priming effects. 相似文献
884.
Bonnotte I 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2008,37(3):199-217
The present study examined the general hypothesis that, as for nouns, stable representations of semantic knowledge relative
to situations expressed by verbs are available and accessible in long term memory in normal people. Regular associations between
verbs and past tenses in French adults allowed to abstract two superordinate semantic features in the representation of verb
meaning: durativity and resultativity. A pilot study was designed to select appropriate items according to these features:
durative, non-resultative verbs and non-durative, resultative verbs. An experimental study was then conducted to assess semantic
priming in French adults with two visual semantic-decision tasks at a 200- and 100-ms SOA. In the durativity decision task,
participants had to decide if the target referred to a durable or non-durable situation. In the resultativity decision task,
they had to decide if it referred to a situation with a directly observable outcome or without any clear external outcome.
Targets were preceded by similar, opposite, and neutral primes. Results showed that semantic priming can tap verb meaning
at a 200- and 100-ms SOA, with the restriction that only the positive value of each feature benefited from priming, that is
the durative and resultative values. Moreover, processing of durativity and resultativity is far from comparable since facilitation
was shown on the former with similar and opposite priming, whereas it was shown on the latter only with similar priming. Overall,
these findings support Le Ny’s (in: Saint-Dizier, Viegas (eds) Computational lexical semantics, 1995; Cahier de Recherche
Linguistique LanDisCo 12:85–100, 1998; Comment l’esprit produit du sens, 2005) general hypothesis that classificatory properties
of verbs could be interpreted as semantic features and the view that semantic priming can tap verb meaning, as noun meaning. 相似文献
885.
Trofimovich P 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2008,37(5):309-329
With a goal of investigating psycholinguistic bases of spoken word processing in a second language (L2), this study examined L2 learners' sensitivity to phonological information in spoken L2 words as a function of their L2 experience and attentional demands of a learning task. Fifty-two Chinese learners of English who differed in amount of L2 experience (longer vs. shorter residence in L2 environment) were tested in an auditory word priming experiment on well-known L2 words under two processing orientation conditions (semantic, control). Results revealed that, with more L2 experience, learners become more sensitive to phonological detail in spoken L2 words but that attention to word meaning might eliminate this sensitivity, even for learners with more L2 experience. 相似文献
886.
Implicit Association Tests (IATs) often reveal strong associations of self with positive rather than negative attributes. This poses a problem in using the IAT to measure associations involving traits with either positive or negative evaluative content. In two studies, we employed non‐bipolar but evaluatively balanced Big Five traits as attribute contrasts and explored correlations of IATs with positive (e.g. sociable vs. conscientious) or negative (e.g. reserved vs. chaotic) attributes. Results showed (a) satisfactory internal consistencies for all IATs, (b) explicit–explicit and implicit–implicit correlations that were moderate to high and comparable in strength after both were corrected for attenuation and (c) better model fit for latent variable models that linked the implicit and explicit measures to distinct latent factors rather to the same factor. Together, the results suggest that IATs can validly assess the semantic aspect of trait self‐concepts and that implicit and explicit self‐representations are, although correlated, also distinct constructs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
887.
Hinshelwood RD 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2008,89(3):503-521
An attempt is made to compare two psychoanalytic concepts which by ‘belonging’ to different psychoanalytic groups have come to be defined and used differently. The paper is also an inquiry into the possibility of a comparative psychoanalytic method. The two concepts are ‘repression’ and ‘splitting of the ego’ and an examination is made of the semantic similarities and differences. Some clinical material is offered that adds indicative clinical evidence to test the semantic comparison. The aim is to answer the question: Are the terms simply alternative ones for similar clinical phenomena? The paper offers one method which could provide an answer. It represents a general method for clarifying and maybe reconciling the differing points of view of competing psychoanalytic schools. 相似文献
888.
Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2008,37(1):67-94
This article provides the first comprehensive reconstruction and analysis of Hintikka’s attempt to obtain a measure of the
information yield of deductive inferences. The reconstruction is detailed by necessity due to the originality of Hintikka’s
contribution. The analysis will turn out to be destructive. It dismisses Hintikka’s distinction between surface information and depth information as being of any utility towards obtaining a measure of the information yield of deductive inferences. Hintikka is right to
identify the failure of canonical information theory to give an account of the information yield of deductions as a scandal,
however this article demonstrates that his attempt to provide such an account fails. It fails primarily because it applies
to only a restricted set of deductions in the polyadic predicate calculus, and fails to apply at all to the deductions in
the monadic predicate calculus and the propositional calculus. Some corollaries of these facts are a number of undesirable
and counterintuitive results concerning the proposed relation of linguistic meaning (and hence synonymy) with surface information.
Some of these results will be seen to contradict Hintikka’s stated aims, whilst others are seen to be false. The consequence
is that the problem of obtaining a measure of the information yield of deductive inferences remains an open one. The failure
of Hintikka’s proposal will suggest that a purely syntactic approach to the problem be abandoned in favour of an intrinsically
semantic one. 相似文献
889.
Scott Soames 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2008,37(3):267-276
No semantic theory satisfying certain natural constraints can identify the semantic contents of sentences (the propositions
they express), with sets of circumstances in which the sentences are true–no matter how fine-grained the circumstances are
taken to be. An objection to the proof is shown to fail by virtue of conflating model-theoretic consequence between sentences
with truth-conditional consequence between the semantic contents of sentences. The error underlines the impotence of distinguishing
semantics, in the sense of a truth-based theory of logical consequence, and semantics, in the sense of a theory of meaning. 相似文献
890.
First we show that the classical two-player semantic game actually corresponds to a three-valued logic. Then we generalize
this result and give an n-player semantic game for an n + 1-valued logic with n binary connectives, each associated with a player. We prove that player i has a winning strategy in game if and only if the truth value of is t
i
in the model M, for 1 ≤ i ≤ n; and none of the players has a winning strategy in if and only if the truth value of is t
0 in M. 相似文献