Effects of delta 9-THC on marijuana smoking, dose choice, and verbal report of drug liking.

The effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol content of marijuana on cigarette smoking, dose choice, and verbal report of drug "liking" by adult males living in a residential laboratory were investigated. Marijuana cigarettes were available during programmed intervals while subjects were engaged in recreational activities. The tetrahydrocannabinol content of the cigarettes remained constant each day, but was changed across days. Subjects provided written ratings of drug liking at the end of each day. In the first study, placebo or active (2.3% delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol) marijuana cigarettes were available for 1-, 2-, or 3-day intervals at varying times of day. The number of cigarettes smoked was unrelated to tetrahydrocannabinol content, although verbal reports of drug liking were consistently higher when marijuana cigarettes containing tetrahydrocannabinol were smoked. In a second study, a choice procedure, consisting of four 3-day blocks of 2 sample days and 1 choice day, was used. On sampling days, subjects smoked cigarettes varying in tetrahydrocannabinol content (0.0, 2.0, and 3.5%, w/w); on choice days they were allowed to choose between the two previously sampled doses. The number of cigarettes was not consistently related to tetrahydrocannabinol content. Ratings of drug liking were increased when marijuana cigarettes contained tetrahydrocannabinol, but ratings of marijuana containing 2.0% and 3.5% of the compound were similar. In contrast, subjects consistently chose the 3.5% dose over either the 0.0% or 2.0% dose. Dose choice was more sensitive to tetrahydrocannabinol content than either reports of drug liking or numbers of cigarettes smoked.     

Binary action based estimation of propensities

An observer is to make inference statements about a quantityp, called apropensity and bounded between 0 and 1, based on the observation thatp does or does not exceed a constantc. The propensityp may have an interpretation as a proportion, as a long-run relative frequency, or as a personal probability held by some subject. Applications in medicine, engineering, political science, and, most especially, human decision making are indicated. Bayes solutions for the observer are obtained based on prior distributions in the mixture of beta distribution family; these are then specialized to power-function prior distributions. Inference about logp and log odds is considered. Multiple-action problems are considered in which the focus of inference shifts to theprocess generating the propensitiesp, both in the case of a process parameter known to the subject and unknown. Empirical Bayes techniques are developed for observer inference aboutc when is known to the subject. A Bayes rule, a minimax rule and a beta-minimax rule are constructed for the subject when he is uncertain about.This research was partially supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense and was monitored by ONR under Contract No. N00014-77-C-0095. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Office of Naval Research, or Carnegie-Mellon University.     

Boundaries for career success? How work–home integration and perceived supervisor expectation affect careers

The necessity to actively manage the work–home boundaries has drastically increased. We postulate that work–home integration may affect individuals' subjective career success via its positive effects on work goal attainment and exhaustion. Furthermore, we study perceived supervisor expectation for employee work–home integration as a boundary condition. Our three-wave online survey with 371 employees showed support for the two hypothesized moderated mediation effects. Work–home integration preference is indirectly related to subjective career success: (1) positively via home-to-work transitions and work goal attainment and (2) negatively via home-to-work transitions and exhaustion. Perceived supervisor expectation constrained work–home integration preference's direct effect on home-to-work transitions and indirect effects on subjective career success. Exploratory analysis revealed that exhaustion negatively affected all career success dimensions, whereas work goal attainment was only related to some. Our results indicate that supervisor expectation can override the effect of employee's work–home integration preference on home-to-work transitions which have a double-edged sword effect on subjective career success. Our study contributes to integrating the careers and work–life interface literature and incorporating contextual factors. Furthermore, with the exploration of differential effects on subjective career success, we advance our understanding of this outcome's nomological network.     

人际愤怒的利与弊：来自元分析的证据

愤怒是因愿望落空、目标受挫或边界被犯而产生的负性情绪, 指向他人的愤怒即为人际愤怒。人际愤怒对接收者的影响有争议, 有人认为人际愤怒弊端极大, 有人认为人际愤怒是可资利用的工具。这种分歧可能源于评价指标、参照对象和应用场景的不同, 有必要用元分析系统考察人际愤怒的利与弊。本研究对67篇文献, 总样本量为15462人的185个效应值进行了分析, 结果发现：人际愤怒会让接收者让步更多、亲社会行为减少、问题解决行为提升, 同时情境不公平感增加, 对愤怒表达者的态度和能力评价均降低, 这些效应受接收者文化背景和相对权力大小的调节。这提示人际愤怒利弊相依, 能改变愤怒接收者的某些行为, 却增加对表达者的消极评价, 应视情景谨慎使用。     

体育锻炼对大学生主观幸福感的影响:人际关系困扰和自尊的中介作用

为考察影响体育锻炼与主观幸福感关系的内在机制,该研究采用体育锻炼量表、自尊量表、人际关系综合诊断量表以及Campbell主观幸福感指数量表对521名高校大学生进行调查.结果显示:(1)人际关系困扰与体育锻炼、自尊及主观幸福感呈显著负相关,体育锻炼、自尊、主观幸福感两两之间均呈显著正相关;(2)人际关系困扰和自尊在体育锻...     

基于基尼指数的双目标CD-CAT选题策略

双目标CD-CAT的测验结果既可用于形成性评估也可用于终结性评估。基尼指数可度量随机变量的不确定性程度, 值越小则随机变量的不确定程度越低。本文用基尼指数度量被试知识状态类别以及能力估计置信区间后验概率的变化, 提出基于基尼指数的选题策略。Monte Carlo实验表明与已有的选题策略相比, 新策略的知识状态分类精度和能力估计精度都较高, 同时能有效兼顾题库利用均匀性, 并能快速实时响应, 且受认知诊断模型和被试知识状态分布的影响较小, 可用于实际测验中含多种认知诊断模型的混合题库。     

父母物质惩罚对儿童睡眠质量的影响：主观幸福感的中介作用及友谊质量的调节作用

摘 要：为探讨父母物质惩罚与儿童睡眠质量的关系及其作用机制,采用问卷法对438名小学生进行调查。结果发现：（1）父母物质惩罚与儿童主观幸福感、睡眠质量之间呈现显著相关;（2）物质惩罚既能直接预测儿童睡眠质量,也能通过主观幸福感的中介作用预测睡眠质量;（3）友谊质量能在物质惩罚对儿童睡眠质量的中介中起到调节,对高友谊质量的儿童来说,物质惩罚对幸福感的作用不显著。研究结果揭示了作为物质型教养行为之一的物质惩罚对儿童睡眠质量的影响及其作用机制,能为提高儿童的幸福感及睡眠质量提供有效启示。     

时间定价与主观时间流逝速度感对利他行为的影响

采用筛选图片时间任务作为被试利他意愿的指标,考察在两种主观时间流逝速度（时间飞逝和时间缓慢）条件下,被试（时间定价组和非时间定价组）对利他行为的影响。结果发现,非时间定价组在时间飞逝和缓慢条件下利他行为差异不显著,但是时间定价组在时间飞逝条件下比在时间缓慢条件下利他行为时间明显较短。结果表明,时间定价组在时间飞逝条件下充分显现时间的价值,减少利他时间,而在时间缓慢条件下,在可接受的时间成本范围内,被试表现出较为乐于助人,证实了主观时间流逝速度会对个体利他行为产生影响。     

Quality of Life and Sense of Coherence in People with Arthritis

This study investigated the physical and psychological impact of arthritis on people's quality of life. A range of variables were examined in a sample of 375 participants who comprised three groups: people with arthritis receiving a support-based service from the Arthritis Foundation of Victoria, people with arthritis receiving standard treatment, and a group of people from the general population. The results revealed that the two arthritis groups reported a significantly higher level of functional impairment, pain, and negative affectivity, and lowered mood, positive affect, and Sense of Coherence, compared to the general population group. They also reported normal levels of importance, but lower levels of satisfaction on various life domains. After statistically controlling for pain however, group differences were eliminated on all variables except for functional impairment and for all satisfaction domains except health. These data are interpreted as evidence that the combination of low domain satisfaction coupled with high domain importance yields a negative psychological state. This, then suggests the possibility of a therapy based on reducing the perceived importance of health.