The cognitive penetrability of perception: A blocked debate and a tentative solution

Despite the extensive body of psychological findings suggesting that cognition influences perception, the debate between defenders and detractors of the cognitive penetrability of perception persists. While detractors demand more strictness in psychological experiments, proponents consider that empirical studies show that cognitive penetrability occurs. These considerations have led some theorists to propose that the debate has reached a dead end. The issue about where perception ends and cognition begins is, I argue, one of the reasons why the debate is cornered. Another reason is the inability of psychological studies to present uncontroversial interpretations of the results obtained. To dive into other kinds of empirical sources is, therefore, required to clarify the debate. In this paper, I explain where the debate is blocked, and suggest that neuroscientific evidence together with the predictive coding account, might decant the discussion on the side of the penetrability thesis.     

Assessing Psychological Characteristics at a Distance: Symposium Lessons and Future Research Directions

The symposium papers show that differences in sources and context clearly matter in the 'at-a-distance' assessment of a leader's psychological characteristics. The stability of both cognitive and personality attributes decreases as observations focus on shorter time frames, more spec fic policy domains, and private rather than public arenas. Despite these qualifications on the use of texts to profile individual leaders, the indices of social cognition and personality do discriminate individual differences between leaders. Because the results reveal significant differences in assessing individual leaders over time with multiple sources and at different levels of analysis, it becomes more worthwhile to investigate research questions that would be moot in the absence of important source, context, or aggregation effects. With the use of automated content analysis and greater access to data from electronic sources, it is now easier to carry out quantitative content analyses of psychological characteristics and to confirm or qualify the insights generated in this symposium.     

心理差异量对儿童青少年分类活动影响的研究

本研究选择自制的、被试从前未看过的墨渍图为实验材料,探讨心理差异量对分类活动的影响。以４０名１１－２０岁儿童青少年为被试,一方面使用速示仪测量墨渍图之间的心理差异量,一方面要求被试对墨渍图进行自由分类,并说明理由。结果发现：①心理差异量直接影响分类结果。②心理差异量在１１岁、１４岁与１７岁、２０岁之间存在着非常显著的差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）。③分类标准的选择的年龄差异主要表现在分类标准的复杂性方面。     

小学几何教学中计算机不同应用模式的比较

计算机应用于教育存在两种常见模式：工具模式和辅导者模式（ＣＡＩ）。该文综合了国内外关于这两种模式教学效果的理论和实证研究,设计出以画笔为工具软件的合作工具模式和合作ＣＡＩ,进行了为期一周的几何教学研究。研究采用前后测准实验设计考察不同应用模式在几何知识和推理能力方面的教学效果,以问卷调查和访谈法考察学生和教师的态度与动机,作品分析法考察学生的学习过程。实验结果表明：①合作工具模式在几何知识和推理能力方面的教学效果显著优于合作ＣＡＩ,并能有效培养学生积极的学习态度;②恰当的教学方法能大大提高工具模式的有效性;③表征的特征能影响学生的认知建构过程。     

Breast Cancer in Men: Emasculation by Association?

The occurrence of breast cancer in men is rare in comparison to women. Public knowledge that men can get breast cancer and of male breast self-examination are lacking. Research in the course and treatment of breast cancer in men is needed. Men generally present in more advanced stages of breast cancer than women, and have a poorer prognosis. In this article, the epidemiology, common symptoms, diagnostic methods, and current treatment of breast cancer in men are described. Gender differences in presentation and course of illness are discussed. Additionally, the psychological implications of breast cancer for male gender roles and masculine identity are explored. Directions for further investigation are given. Treatment providers are encouraged to educate themselves and their male patients on breast cancer in men and male breast examination techniques so that this disease may be identified earlier in its course and survival rates improved.     

老年人汉语阅读中预测误差成本的产生机制

阅读的认知加工机制随年龄变老只发生了量变还是也产生了质变,是毕生发展研究领域的重要问题。要进行有效的语言处理,读者必须结合已有的经验知识和当前语境对即将出现的信息进行预测加工。因此,要解决上述问题就要回答老年人阅读中预测加工机制发生了怎样变化,即预测误差成本是如何产生的。研究拟采用眼动脑电同步记录技术,在自然阅读过程中实时获取语言处理的行为和神经指标,聚焦老年人预测误差成本的产生机制,主要从副中央凹视觉、工作记忆负荷及语言能力三方面解释预测误差成本产生的原因。研究成果对构建汉语阅读的毕生发展模型有重要意义。     

冥想的安全性

大量研究表明冥想有助于身心健康的维持与幸福感的提升,但与此同时,飞速发展的研究与实践却严重忽略了对其安全性的考察。目前,我们对冥想各群体(临床人群、修行人、正念冥想指导者、普通练习者及大学生等)不良反应的表现、影响因素及发生与转化机制等都知之甚少,目前国内该领域的研究尚属空白,这是迫切需要研究者和实践者重视和严肃对待的伦理问题。国外研究表明,总体而言,冥想不良反应率为8.3%,表现在认知、感知觉、情感、躯体化、意志、自我意识与社会功能等7方面内容的不适或改变,严重的甚至出现自杀意念与行为;冥想不良反应的影响因素包括练习者、练习、关系及健康行为等4方面的内容。中国文化下本土化研究的开展以及冥想指导者胜任力等问题是未来研究的重要方向,分解设计、纵向设计与个人中心取向是重要的研究方法。     

公仆型领导的负面效应及其缓冲机制探究

过去,研究人员普遍认为公仆型领导是一种对员工、团队和组织有积极作用的领导方式,但新近的研究表明公仆型领导也会引起潜在的负面效应。针对此问题,首先介绍公仆型领导的概念与研究概况。然后,分别从领导者自身和下属员工的角度,基于角色压力、自我控制资源分配、资源保存、内隐追随、领导与成员交换、领导原型等理论,探究公仆型领导的负面效应及其缓冲机制。最后,从研究层面、研究方法、研究视角、研究内容等四个方面提出未来研究建议。     

双语Stroop效应研究综述

Stroop效应从提出至今取得大量有意义的研究成果。其中,双语Stroop效应的研究已有越来越多的实验研究范式,并支持了多种理论模型。这一效应的研究不仅有利于语言生成机制的探索,对中一英文教学、学习也有重要的启发作用。     

工作记忆与知觉负载对工作记忆表征引导注意的调节

本研究采用4个眼动实验探讨不同知觉负载条件下的视觉搜索任务中工作记忆负载对基于工作记忆表征的注意引导效应的影响。实验1和实验3采用低知觉负载的视觉搜索任务,结果在视觉工作记忆负载为1和2时观察到了显著的注意引导效应,但当负载增加到4时注意引导效应消失了;实验2和实验4采用高知觉负载的视觉搜索任务,结果发现注意引导效应在工作记忆负载增加到2时就已经消失了。上述结果表明:工作记忆负载和知觉负载都能够通过调控认知资源的方式来影响工作记忆表征对注意的引导,当认知资源充足时,工作记忆能够同时保持多个记忆表征对视觉注意的引导。