The role of preference in speed choice

Individual differences with regard to speed preference may be a source of speed heterogeneity and conflicts in traffic, such as tailgating and dangerous overtaking. The main aim of the current study was to explore drivers’ speed preferences when driving for different reasons (saving money on fuel, driving safely, driving for fun or driving as usual) and the relationship of these preferences to observed speeds and self-reported speed. 193 drivers were interviewed at five different locations, and were asked about their speeds on roads they had just travelled. Drivers’ speeds on these roads were also sampled with a speed gun. The results showed large differences between speeds chosen for different driving purposes; the lowest speeds were chosen when the goal was economy and the highest when driving for fun. In addition, there were individual differences in speed preferences such that some drivers indicated that their usual speed was above what they believed was a safe speed while others indicated that they usually drove even slower than what they thought was safe. These differences may account for much of the speed heterogeneity observed in on-road behaviour. The results also showed that drivers’ speed choices are highly influenced by their usual speeds, even more so than their beliefs regarding what constitutes a safe speed, which may help explain non-compliance with speed limits. No relationship was found between speed choice and risk perception.     

基于行政法学视角的公立医院法人地位法理分析

公立医院“法人化”及“法人治理”改革由来已久,但其政策落实缓慢且效果较差。学界对法人化与法人治理中的“法人”之概念、理论与制度的误解可能是其背后的原因之一—将获得独立法人地位作为提升公立医院自主权和实现公立医院去行政化的路径,但传统的法人理论并不能实现这一目的。基于此误解,阐明以“人格”为核心的法人概念并认为法人不必然需要自治。在此基础上,从行政法学视角分析了公立医院作为法人的法理依据,认为公立医院应是行政主体而非民事主体,进而认为公立医院得以借助法人理论而成为现代意义上的公法人。

     

叙事医学反思性写作对共同决策价值探析

以叙事医学工具反思性写作为切入点,首先从医方、患方及外部环境三个角度分析了当前医患共同决策所面临的临床实践困境,其次在对反思性写作概念、实践特点概述的基础上,提出了叙事能力对临床工作的重要性、叙事医学伦理对决策困境的作用,最后从促使医方自我反思,避免引导式决策及权威主义;弥合医患视阈差异,达成决策共识;阐明并澄清患者偏好及价值观,促进个体化共同决策;提高患者参与决策意愿,调动参与决策积极性;缓和医患关系,实现医患共情,促进共同决策良性互动五个方面阐述了反思性写作对医患共同决策困境的助力作用。

     

临床试验受试者补偿存在的问题及改进措施探讨

通过对补偿等相关概念界定,对临床试验受试者补偿的范围界定不明确、补偿金额缺乏具体核算标准及报销手续繁琐与兑现时间长、补偿方式单一,未体现不同受试者多样化需求、受试者维权能力与维权意识薄弱、伦理委员会履职能力也影响受试者权益维护等问题进行了分析,针对问题探讨其改进措施,如明确补偿的具体内容与范围,制定具体补偿标准及提高补偿兑现效率,采取合理的多样化补偿和激励方式,充分向受试者告知补偿权益,提高受试者的维权意识,提高伦理委员的审查能力等,为制定受试者补偿相关指导意见及保护受试者权益提供一定的理论参考。     

伦理委员会持续审查制度建设探讨

持续审查作为伦理审查的重要环节, 是保护受试者的重要机制。但在我国的伦理审查实践中, 持续审查却一直没有得到应有的重视和规范。究其原因, 不仅是因为相关法律法规的缺失, 还因为在执行层面也缺少相对明确和具体的制度和标准操作规程。在借鉴美国持续审查制度建设相关经验的基础上, 结合北京大学生物医学伦理委员会制度建设实践, 对持续审查的范围、频率、形式、内容和标准等问题展开论述和探讨。     

Transformations of mathematical and stimulus functions

Following a pretest, 8 participants who were unfamiliar with algebraic and trigonometric functions received a brief presentation on the rectangular coordinate system. Next, they participated in a computer-interactive matching-to-sample procedure that trained formula-to-formula and formula-to-graph relations. Then, they were exposed to 40 novel formula-to-graph tests and 10 novel graph-to-formula tests. Seven of the 8 participants showed substantial improvement in identifying formula-to-graph relations; however, in the test of novel graph-to-formula relations, participants tended to select equations in their factored form. Next, we manipulated contextual cues in the form of rules regarding mathematical preferences. First, we informed participants that standard forms of equations were preferred over factored forms. In a subsequent test of 10 additional novel graph-to-formula relations, participants shifted their selections to favor equations in their standard form. This preference reversed during 10 more tests when financial reward was made contingent on correct identification of formulas in factored form. Formula preferences and transformation of novel mathematical and stimulus functions are discussed.     

Can music bring people together? Effects of shared musical preference on intergroup bias in adolescence

Recent research has successfully applied social identity theory to demonstrate how individuals use music as a basis for intergroup differentiation. The current study investigated how music might also be used to encourage the development of positive intergroup attitudes. Participants (N = 97) were allocated to one of two experimentally created social groups and then led to believe that the groups had similar or different musical preferences. They then evaluated each group and reported their perceptions concerning how they expected their own group to be evaluated by the other group. Participants who believed the groups had similar musical preferences reported more positive intergroup attitudes relative to a control group; they also expected to be evaluated more positively by members of the other group. However, positive intergroup perceptions were also reported by those who believed the two groups had different musical preferences. The implications of these findings for theory and practice are discussed.