情绪调节策略对流动儿童主观幸福感的影响：自尊和心理弹性的序列中介作用

以639名流动儿童为被试,通过问卷调查探讨了认知重评和表达抑制两种情绪调节策略对流动儿童主观幸福感的影响及自尊和心理弹性的中介作用。结果表明：（1）认知重评既直接正向预测流动儿童的主观幸福感,又能通过自尊和心理弹性及自尊→心理弹性的序列中介作用间接预测流动儿童的主观幸福感。（2）表达抑制对流动儿童主观幸福感的直接预测不显著,但通过负向预测自尊和心理弹性及自尊→心理弹性的序列中介作用间接预测流动儿童的主观幸福感。     

From Brouwerian Counter Examples to the Creating Subject

The original Brouwerian counter examples were algorithmic in nature; after the introduction of choice sequences, Brouwer devised a version which did not depend on algorithms. This is the origin of the creating subject technique. The method allowed stronger refutations of classical principles. Here it is used to show that negative dense subsets of the continuum are indecomposable.     

Statistical inference for multiple choice tests

Finite sample inference procedures are considered for analyzing the observed scores on a multiple choice test with several items, where, for example, the items are dissimilar, or the item responses are correlated. A discrete p-parameter exponential family model leads to a generalized linear model framework and, in a special case, a convenient regression of true score upon observed score. Techniques based upon the likelihood function, Akaike's information criteria (AIC), an approximate Bayesian marginalization procedure based on conditional maximization (BCM), and simulations for exact posterior densities (importance sampling) are used to facilitate finite sample investigations of the average true score, individual true scores, and various probabilities of interest. A simulation study suggests that, when the examinees come from two different populations, the exponential family can adequately generalize Duncan's beta-binomial model. Extensions to regression models, the classical test theory model, and empirical Bayes estimation problems are mentioned. The Duncan, Keats, and Matsumura data sets are used to illustrate potential advantages and flexibility of the exponential family model, and the BCM technique.The authors wish to thank Ella Mae Matsumura for her data set and helpful comments, Frank Baker for his advice on item response theory, Hirotugu Akaike and Taskin Atilgan, for helpful discussions regarding AIC, Graham Wood for his advice concerning the class of all binomial mixture models, Yiu Ming Chiu for providing useful references and information on tetrachoric models, and the Editor and two referees for suggesting several references and alternative approaches.     

English teaching and the weight of theory

The division between theory and pedagogy is an example of the more traditional division between theory and practice. The paper deals with the artificiality inherent in the institutional separation of those scholars who study within a subject area and those who study the pedagogy of the subject. The paper discusses various theoretical accounts of the nature of English to make the case that theory is imbued with pedagogy. That is, theory is not neutral about teaching. How we teach is driven by our theoretical commitments to our subject.     

Potential dropouts in a longitudinal study: Prevalence,stability, and associated characteristics

This study quantifies the prevalence and associated characteristics of subjects in a longitudinal study who are difficult to schedule and thus may become potential study dropouts. Although subject attrition over three years remained extremely low, many families were difficult to schedule for their assessments and this remained rather constant over time. Intercorrelations between the measures of scheduling difficulty were high, indicating good internal validity of the constructs. Stability of these measures from year to year was low, making it difficult to predict which families required more staff effort or were at risk for dropping out of the study in any one year. Race appeared to be associated with several measures of scheduling difficulty, while psychiatric characteristics of the sample were less so.     

药品临床试验的伦理规范与医学科技进步--对非洲等地开展HIV药品临床试验的思考

目前,在非洲等地进行的HIV药品临床试验已成为国际上最有争议的话题之一.药品临床试验促进了医学科技的进步和发展,但同时带来了一些突出而复杂的伦理问题.面对这一难题,我们应正确看待医学科技进步与伦理之间的关系,以"尊重、公正、不伤害、受益"这一伦理基本原则指导HIV药品临床试验,促进医学和伦理道德的共同进步、协调发展.     

论三段论推理过程中结论正确性的两种判断标准

人们进行三段论推理加工时是根据什么标准来判定推理结论的正确性的？实验结果支持下述观点：人们在进行三段论推理过程中,在判定推理结论的正误时,存在两种判定标准：一种是“形式标准”,另一种是“内容标准”;两种判定标准对于人们判定结论的正确性都有影响,哪个判定标准的影响力更大依赖于人们已掌握的知识结构。     

中国情境下家长式领导与员工绩效关系的元分析

本研究采用元分析技术和效标剖面元分析技术探讨中国情境下家长式领导与员工绩效之间的关系。通过文献收集与筛选, 共纳入139项研究400个效应值(N = 44605)。元分析结果发现：(1)仁慈领导、德行领导与任务绩效和组织公民绩效有较强的正相关关系, 与反生产绩效有较强的负相关关系。与之相反, 威权领导与任务绩效和组织公民绩效之间有显著的负相关关系, 与反生产绩效显著正相关。(2)低威权领导剖面(仁慈领导和德行领导水平高)对任务绩效和组织公民绩效的预测力最强, 高威权领导剖面(仁慈领导和德行领导水平低)对反生产绩效的预测力最强。(3)年龄能够调节家长式领导部分维度和绩效之间的关系强度, 性别对家长式领导分维度和绩效关系的调节效应不显著。研究结果进一步揭示了中国情境下家长式领导与个体绩效之间关系的“真相”。     

Latent variable selection in multidimensional item response theory models using the expectation model selection algorithm

The aim of latent variable selection in multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models is to identify latent traits probed by test items of a multidimensional test. In this paper the expectation model selection (EMS) algorithm proposed by Jiang et al. (2015) is applied to minimize the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for latent variable selection in MIRT models with a known number of latent traits. Under mild assumptions, we prove the numerical convergence of the EMS algorithm for model selection by minimizing the BIC of observed data in the presence of missing data. For the identification of MIRT models, we assume that the variances of all latent traits are unity and each latent trait has an item that is only related to it. Under this identifiability assumption, the convergence of the EMS algorithm for latent variable selection in the multidimensional two-parameter logistic (M2PL) models can be verified. We give an efficient implementation of the EMS for the M2PL models. Simulation studies show that the EMS outperforms the EM-based L₁ regularization in terms of correctly selected latent variables and computation time. The EMS algorithm is applied to a real data set related to the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.