青少年责任心人格、互联网服务偏好与"网络成瘾"的关系

研究发现在对PIU的影响上,责任心人格与互联网社交使用偏好存在显著的交互作用,但与互联网娱乐、信息和交易服务不存在显著的交互作用:(1)从平均影响来看,互联网社交、娱乐和交易使用偏好能够正向预测网络成瘾,责任心人格对网络成瘾有显著的反向预测效果,而互联网信息使用偏好对网络成瘾没有显著的预测效果;(2)在责任心高分组中,互联网社交服务偏好与PIU卷入程度是一种正向的关系,而在责任心低分组中则相反。     

意识和无意识的关系--实证的视角

意识和无意识的相互关系曾经是纯粹的哲学问题,科学心理学的诞生促进了对这一问题的实证视角考察。实证取向认为,意识和无意识同属人类心理的机能,并能够在外在的任务操作中表现出来。现代认知心理学发现了对应意识机能的外显过程和对应无意识机能的内隐过程,两者相对独立又共生共存。任何认知过程都是意识和无意识共同作用的产物,两者之间存在复杂的相互作用,并表现出权衡的特点。神经生理学的研究揭示了意识和无意识在发生学意义上可能的先后关系。无意识在心理过程中起的作用是普遍的、抽象的、抗干扰的,而意识则建筑在无意识的基础之上,有着更大的变异性。     

Modelling partially cross‐classified multilevel data

This article proposes an approach to modelling partially cross‐classified multilevel data where some of the level‐1 observations are nested in one random factor and some are cross‐classified by two random factors. Comparisons between a proposed approach to two other commonly used approaches which treat the partially cross‐classified data as either fully nested or fully cross‐classified are completed with a simulation study. Results show that the proposed approach demonstrates desirable performance in terms of parameter estimates and statistical inferences. Both the fully nested model and the fully cross‐classified model suffer from biased estimates of some variance components and statistical inferences of some fixed effects. Results also indicate that the proposed model is robust against cluster size imbalance.     

反馈干预及其影响绩效的内部机制

该文首先对反馈干预的定义进行了分析,认为反馈干预是一种由外部动因提供的有意识有目的的外部反馈。接着从反馈干预方式、任务情景、个体差异3个维度说明了反馈干预组合的复杂性。然后探讨了反馈干预作用的内部机制,认为它主要是通过个体的自我效能感、应对策略、内部目标设置等内部调节变量来影响绩效。最后提出了一种反馈干预对绩效施加作用的模型     

Neural correlates of successful and unsuccessful verbal memory encoding

Recent neuroimaging studies suggest that episodic memory encoding involves a network of neocortical structures which may act interdependently with medial temporal lobe (mTL) structures to promote the formation of durable memories, and that activation in certain structures is modulated according to task performance. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to determine the neural structures recruited during a verbal episodic encoding task and to examine the relationship between activation during encoding and subsequent recognition memory performance across subjects. Our results show performance-correlated activation during encoding both in neocortical and medial temporal structures. Neocortical activations associated with later successful and unsuccessful recognition memory were found to differ not only in magnitude, but also in hemispheric laterality. These performance-related hemispheric effects, which have not been previously reported, may correspond to between-subject differences in encoding strategy.     

时间管理倾向与生活质量关系的调查研究

用自编成人时间管理倾向量表和生活质量综合评定问卷对重庆市75名不同职业者进行问卷调查,以探讨时间管理倾向与生活质量的关系。研究结果表明：时间管理倾向各维度没有显著的性别差异,但在时间价值感、时间监控观和总体评价上存在文化程度的差异;生活质量中的四个维度也不存在性别差异,但在物质生活状况维度上存在显著的文化程度的差异;时间管理倾向和生活质量之间存在显著相关,时间管理效能对躯体功能、心理功能和社会功能具有显著的预测作用。     

案例研究与决疑法：当代医学伦理学的经验主义方法论反思

当代医学伦理学至今没有形成较为成熟稳定的研究方法,方法论的“革命”往往意味着科学的革命、学科范式的转型和知识谱系的变革。案例研究与决疑法是医学伦理学常见的两种经验主义方法。这两种方法的广泛运用,是当代医学伦理学对于规范伦理学中“原则主义”的一种实践“反叛”与深度批评。对这两种方法的基本逻辑、实践特征、优点和弊端进行详细分析,深入探讨医学伦理学的学科方法论,通过对方法学的反思,表明当代医学伦理学的方法论在原则与例外、普遍与特殊之间“徘徊”不定,进一步推进对医学伦理学学科建设的理解与反思。

     

Development through interruptions and reparations – A case study of a dual challenging psychotherapy

The aim of this study was to understand how relational difficulties in psychotherapy may be handled to represent possibilities for change. Temporary interruptions and subsequent reestablishment of contact were chosen as the strategic focus in one severely challenging case of long term psychodynamic psychotherapy where outcome was known to be good. Interruptions and reestablishments were conceptualised by how the informants gave meaning to them. The choice of focus represented a strategic selection of events in the course of therapy where the regulation of the alliance by the therapist as well as by the patient was at stake. A detailed case record was studied and interviews with patient and therapist were conducted. A hermeneutical-phenomenological approach was used to analyse the material. The narrative dimension was important in structuring and interpreting the data. It was shown how important relational difficulties, such as mutual incompatible expectations and demands was handled both on a structural and interpersonal level, and some important steps and hallmarks of the healing process was identified. Close inspection of the course of events in psychotherapies is seen as a promising method for bringing a better understanding of how change processes unfold.     

Relationship between self-esteem and depressive mood in old age: Results from a six-year longitudinal study

The reciprocal nature of the relationship between depression and personality traits (e.g., self-esteem, neuroticism) is still elusive (e.g., vulnerability and scar models). The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal reciprocal effects between self-esteem and depressive mood in older adults. 757 participants aged 64–97 years assessed 4 times over a six-year period. Cross-lagged models were estimated using SEM. Our findings showed a relative stability over a six-year period of both self-esteem and depressive mood. There were no cross-lagged reciprocal effects between self-esteem and depressive mood over time, thereby rejecting both vulnerability and scar models. It means that self-esteem and depressive mood do not predate each other in old age. These results suggest a developmental phenomenon in which self-esteem and depressive mood follow two parallel and stable developmental trajectories through old age.     

Olympic athletes back to retirement: A qualitative longitudinal study

ObjectiveIn this qualitative longitudinal study we assess the retirement process of Olympic athletes. We aim to evaluate the influence that following a dual career or being exclusively focused on sport can have in this process. We compare athletes' prospective views before retirement (Torregrosa, Boixadós, Valiente, & Cruz, 2004) with their retrospective accounts ten years later. This allows us to assess athletes' accuracy in predicting the process and its outcomes in relation to the trajectory followed.DesignWe designed a qualitative longitudinal study (Epstein, 2002) conducting semi-structured interviews.MethodFifteen Olympic athletes were interviewed twice. Thematic analysis was performed on the qualitative data comparing prospective views and retrospective accounts of: (a) retirement planning, (b) voluntary termination, (c), multiple personal identities, (d) availability of social support, and (e) active coping strategies.ResultsTen athletes reported positive transitions related to their favorable approach to the five categories above. Most athletes reporting positive transitions followed dual careers (i.e., parallel or convergent trajectories). Five out of fifteen athletes reported unexpected difficulties in the transition. Four of these followed a linear trajectory during their sporting career. A clear view of retirement in the prospective interviews also facilitated retirement for an athlete following a linear trajectory. While a diffuse view of retirement in the prospective interview signaled future difficulties.ConclusionResults from this qualitative longitudinal study suggest that promoting dual careers in elite sport and working on the prospective view of retirement can facilitate retirement from elite sport and the transition to an alternative professional career.