大学生职业成熟度研究述评

大学生处于职业发展的一个特殊阶段,职业成熟度是评价大学生职业心理发展水平的一把标尺。大学生职业成熟度理论基础主要有Super的职业终身发展观、Crites的职业成熟理论、Westbrook的认知职业成熟观和国内大学生职业成熟度七维模型。当前大学生职业成熟度已在人口学变量上进行了广泛的研究,今后的研究去向将更进一步呈现本土化趋势,采用质的研究和量的研究相结合的方法,就大学生职业成熟度与个体的认知、人格和情绪关系展开讨论。     

初中二年级学生字词阅读知觉广度的眼动研究

采用眼动研究中经典的移动窗口技术范式探讨中学生字词阅读知觉广度。通过两个实验分别对17名初中二学生和12名初中二学生进行了汉语字、词阅读知觉广度的眼动研究。实验1结果表明,初中二年级学生字窗口条件下的阅读知觉广度为注视点左侧1个单字到右侧2个单字的范围;实验2结果表明,双字词窗口条件下的阅读知觉广度为注视点左侧1个双字词到右侧1个双字词的范围。本研究推论汉语阅读过程进行的是词单元加工,而不是单字。     

学校道德氛围知觉对道德发展影响的教育干预实验

目的 探讨学生的学校道德氛围知觉与其道德发展的关系。方法 采用学校道德氛围知觉问卷、SROM-SF问卷及自编情境故事,对100名中学生进行了干预实验,运用SPSS 15.0对数据进行统计分析。结果 通过干预,学生的学校道德氛围知觉水平有了不同程度的提高;学生对学校道德氛围的知觉水平提高后,其道德判断能力有了显著发展。结论 学生的学校道德氛围知觉影响其道德判断能力的发展。     

Modeling the Information Preferences of Parents of Children with Mental Health Problems: A Discrete Choice Conjoint Experiment

Although materials informing parents about children’s mental health (CMH) problems can improve outcomes, we know relatively little about the design factors that might influence their utilization of available resources. We used a discrete choice conjoint experiment to model the information preferences of parents seeking mental health services for 6 to 18 year olds. Parents completed 30 choice tasks presenting experimentally varied combinations of 20 four-level CMH information content, transfer process, and outcome attributes. Latent class analysis revealed three segments with different preferences. Parents in the Action segment (43%) chose materials providing step-by-step solutions to behavioral or emotional problems. They preferred weekly meetings with other parents and coaching calls from a therapist. The Information segment (41%) chose materials helping them understand rather than solve their child’s problems. These parents were more sensitive to logistical factors such as receiving information in groups, the location where information was available, the modality in which the information was presented, and the time required to obtain and use the information. The Overwhelmed segment (16%) reported more oppositional and conduct problems, felt their children’s difficulties exerted a greater adverse impact on family functioning, and reported higher personal depression scores than those in the Action or Information segments. Nonetheless, they did not choose information about, or solutions to, the problems their children presented. Simulations predicted that maximizing utilization and realizing the potential benefits of CMH information would require knowledge transfer strategies consistent with each segment’s preferences.

Rates of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Exposure

Research on the social influences associated with rates of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is scarce and limited to studies of contagion within inpatient and residential treatment settings. Using an archival dataset that included 1,965 college students, the current study examined whether exposure to acts of NSSI and/or suicidal behavior in others was associated with increased rates of NSSI. Results supported hypotheses in that participants who knew someone who had engaged in NSSI only, or knew someone who engaged in both NSSI and suicidal behavior were more likely to have engaged in NSSI compared to those not exposed. The findings provide preliminary, albeit indirect, evidence of the potential for social modeling to influence rates of NSSI within college students. Directions for future studies are offered.     

小学一年级儿童简算策略发现的意识性研究

考察不同问题呈现方式和不同问题情境对小学一年级儿童简算策略发现的影响,及策略发现有无意识性。结果表明,问题呈现方式与问题情景对相反数策略发现影响显著,完整呈现比不完整呈现,封闭问题情景比混合问题情景更容易促使儿童发现新策略。研究证实了无意识策略的存在。通常情况下是先出现无意识策略,再出现有意识策略。但并非所有有意识策略出现之前都出现无意识策略。     

How bumblebees first find flowers: Habituation of visual pattern preferences, spontaneous recovery, and dishabituation

Two experiments examined the exploratory behaviour of flower-naïve bumblebees. Bees were tested four times in a 12-arm radial arm maze in which they never received reward. Patterned and unpatterned stimuli were presented at the end of each corridor and the choices of the bees were recorded. We examined the effects of two variables, time and the presentation of a new stimulus, on habituation to a visual pattern. In Experiment 1, once bees had shown an unlearned preference for a pattern, and the preference had habituated, a response decrement was maintained after a confinement in the colony of two hours. After a 24 h confinement, however, the pattern preference was restored, i.e., spontaneous recovery was observed. In Experiment 2, the presentation of a new stimulus triggered renewed responding to the old pattern to which the bees had habituated, i.e., dishabituation was observed. Habituation to visual patterns is modulated by time and by exposure to new stimuli so that exploration in the face of failure to find food persists and unrewarding visual patterns are not eliminated for long as possible sources of food.     

The Relationship of Job Attribute Preferences to Employment, Hours of Paid Work, and Family Responsibilities: An Analysis Comparing Women and Men

We used 1997 International Social Survey Programme data from 14 countries to examine the relationship of job attribute preferences to family responsibilities, employment, and paid work hours. Separate regression analyses for women and men examined whether family responsibilities (marriage, children, spousal employment, and housework responsibility) predicted job attribute preferences. Many family responsibilities were significant predictors of men's and women's extrinsic and intrinsic preferences. Family responsibilities also predicted women's flexibility preferences. We next examined whether job attribute preferences were associated with employment and weekly paid work hours when family responsibilities were controlled. Job attribute preferences showed several significant relationships to women's and men's employment and several significant relationships to women's paid work hours.     

医学生之医学伦理素养教育剖辨

对医学生加强医学伦理素养教育是当前国内外医学教育的共识,但在教育的内容、方式和方法上却是各具特色.相对而言,我国医学院校对医学生的医学伦理素养教育尚处于不成熟的阶段,其表现就是教育过程中存在着诸多的问题、教学效果不甚理想.从医学伦理素养教育的现状入手,尝试分析我国医学伦理素养教育中的重点和难点问题.     

中国临床医学专业博士研究生教育之我观

中国的研究生教育事业篷勃发展,但发展的背后却隐藏着种种弊端,妨碍着培养质量的提高.就临床医学专业博士研究生教育中存在的问题提出四点建议,希望有利于其健康发展.