中文人格特质词的基本维度研究:大学生自我评定的因素分析

根据王登峰等人收集的中文人格词表,本研究用定距抽取的方式构造了一个包含２４４个人格特质词的自我评定检核表。６０１名中国大学生参加了自我评定。因素分析结果表明,七因素模式能较好地体现中文人格特质词的基本维度。中国大学生自我描述维度由七个因素钩：（１）负价一：虚伪浮夸,（２）正价：严谨负责,（３）负价二：浅薄无能,（４）内向负情绪：多悉善感。（５）外同正情绪：热情可爱,（６）外向负情绪：暴躁易怒,（７     

What is the Thematic Structure of Science?

The paper justifies the concept of “thematic structure” or “order of knowledge” over the traditional “classification of sciences” due to the uncertainty of many classification criteria. The thematic structure of science has, of course, various levels and various dimensions. Arguments against any forms of separating the humanities from sciences in the traditional sense of the term are presented and discussed. Equally unacceptable are attempts at sharp separation of technical disciplines and humanities. The thematic structure of humanities is not created by some material aspects but rather through the interest — or problem-oriented aspects. In addition to the natural sciences and the humanities there exists an important sphere of sciences on artefacts or, using the term by H. Simon, the sciences of the artificial. For the contemporary research activities is typical what could be denoted as “interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary complex.” The paper traces a set of epistemological criteria for the justification of the relative independence of a scientific discipline. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Factor structure,validity, and reliability of the fear questionnaire in a Hong Kong Chinese population

This study examined the factor structure, validity, and reliability of the Fear Questionnaire in Hong Kong. The sample consisted of 226 college students who were ethnic Chinese and they came from different parts of Hong Kong. Exploratory factor analysis produced three meaningful factors. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor model of Marks and Mathews (1979) in the present sample of subjects. Findings also showed that the Fear Questionnaire was both reliable and valid. Limitations of the study and implications for future research in this area were discussed. In particular, the need to assess the cross-cultural application of the Fear Questionnaire was stressed.This research project was supported by the Research and Conference Grants of the University of Hong Kong.     

优、差生解决有机合成的问题表征差异及其影响因素

用两个实验探讨了大学本科化学专业优生和差生解决有机合成问题所运用的问题表征的类型及其差异。结果表明：（１）大学生解决有机合成的问题表征有三种类型;符号表征、方法表征和机理表征。（２）优生能灵活运用上述三类问题表征,特别是运用机理表征抓住问题的关键,进而采用方法表征和符号表征来解题;差生则停留于符号表征和方法表征。很少采用机理表征,而方法表征又往往选择错误,因而不能正确解题。（３）优,差生在问题表征上的差异与其知识总量和知识结构有密切相关。     

目标结构与学习动机

本文概述了目标结构理论的形成及发展,并进一步论述了在教学中不同的目标结构,导致学生间不间的相互关系,从而使学生形成不同的学习动机,取得不同的学业成就。竞争目标结构激发的是能力中心的动机系统;个体化目标结构激发的是任务掌握的动机系统;合作目标结构激发的是道德中心的动机系统。由此,我们认为在当前的教学实践中应重视合作目标结构的建立。     

Stimulus generalization along a dimension based on a verbal concept

The present study examined generalization along a dimension based on a verbal concept of occupational status. The status dimension was scaled by students who placed occupation names into five status categories, Category 1 representing highest status and Category 5 the lowest status. In two experiments, key presses by students were occasionally reinforced when a slide showing an occupation name from Status Category 3 was present. For half the subjects, key presses were not reinforced during a name from Category 1; for the other half, presses were not reinforced during a name from Category 5. Occupation names from all status categories were later singly presented. In this generalization test, subjects typically divided the dimension into two parts, responding alike to all names within each part. The results suggest that generalization along a dimension in humans is mediated by a subject's verbal classifications of stimuli.     

Structural analysis of covariance and correlation matrices

A general approach to the analysis of covariance structures is considered, in which the variances and covariances or correlations of the observed variables are directly expressed in terms of the parameters of interest. The statistical problems of identification, estimation and testing of such covariance or correlation structures are discussed.Several different types of covariance structures are considered as special cases of the general model. These include models for sets of congeneric tests, models for confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, models for estimation of variance and covariance components, regression models with measurement errors, path analysis models, simplex and circumplex models. Many of the different types of covariance structures are illustrated by means of real data.1978 Psychometric Society Presidential Address.This research has been supported by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation under the project entitledStructural Equation Models in the Social Sciences, Karl G. Jöreskog, project director.     

A maximum likelihood approach to the “test of inclusion”

The method of scoring is used to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters in the White and Clark learning hierarchy validation model. From the estimate of the proportion of the population possessing only the superordinate skill in a pair of hierarchical skills, and its variance, the hypothesis of inclusion is tested. An illustrative example of the procedure is given.This study is based on doctoral dissertation submitted to the University of Ottawa. The author is indebted to Martin Cooper, Marvin Boss and Jean-Paul Dionne for their assistance.     

儿童汉字读音声旁一致性意识的发展

采用同音判断的方法,考察儿童对汉字读音声旁一致性意识的发展。一个熟悉字和一个不熟悉字共用同一个声旁,该声旁在提示整字发音时可以是一致的,即包含此声旁的所有汉字都发音相同,也可以是不一致的。要求儿童猜测不熟悉字的读音,作出它与熟悉字“是”、“否”同音的判断。结果发现,儿童很早就意识到汉字的结构以及声旁和形旁在表音、表义功能上的分工。随着年级的升高,声旁一致性对猜测不熟悉汉字读音的影响增强。小学四年级语文能力较高的儿童已经开始意识到声旁的一致性;六年级儿童总体上说来已发展了一致性意识。初二年级的学生发展了声旁一致性意识,且没有能力差异。大学生的声旁一致性意识最强。