道德判断中的框架效应:一个新的视角

道德领域亦存在框架效应,但有关这类偏差的研究仍然存在不足。研究以600名大学生为对象,以亚洲疾病和工厂风波两类经典情境为实验情境,设置正面和负面两类属性框架,以研究道德判断的框架效应。结果发现,在面临道德判断情境时,在正面框架下被试倾向于选择确定性方案,而在负面框架下被试倾向于选择风险性方案; 在正面框架下被试倾向于评价风险性方案更违背道德,在负面框架下则认为确定性方案更违背道德; 被试对情境中人物选择确定性或风险性方案道德之可谴责性评价与确定性或风险性方案本身之道德违背性评价的判断并不一致:在正面框架下,若情境中人物选择风险性方案,被试认为其行为更应受到谴责; 但在负面框架下,被试对情境中人物选择确定性方案和风险性方案在道德上应受谴责性的评价并无显著差异。研究还发现道德判断框架效应存在性别差异,负面框架下女生更为风险寻求。     

《周易》境遇学SWOT分析法论纲

"境遇学"是如何应对境遇的"学问",其着眼点在于提升个体生命的"境界".<周易>是集中体现中国古代"境遇学"的一部代表性著作.<周易·大象传>所预设的境遇是方方面面的,其应对之方也是随宜变化的,其中体现着非凡的道德智慧.但它属于"不占之易",可操作性不强.当代西方的SWOT分析法(又称"态势分析法")从优势、劣势、机会威胁四个方面作企业战略研究与个人生涯规划分析,与<周易>境遇学有很强的互补性.本文尝试将中国古老的"<周易>境遇学"与当代西方"SWOT分析法"相结合,提出<周易>境遇学SWOT分析法".     

Number of Extensions of Non-Fregean Logics

We show that there are continuum many different extensions of SCI (the basic theory of non-Fregean propositional logic) that lie below WF (the Fregean extension) and are closed under substitution. Moreover, continuum many of them are independent from WB (the Boolean extension), continuum many lie above WB and are independent from WH (the Boolean extension with only two values for the equality relation), and only countably many lie between WH and WF.     

意图明确条件下小学儿童对说谎的理解与道德评价

本研究对 7、9和 1 1岁儿童进行了说谎概念的理解与道德评价的研究。研究的目的是想揭示小学儿童在说话者意图明显的条件下对说谎的理解和道德评价中的认知特点。结果发现 ,“事实”因素是影响儿童理解“说谎”的决定因素 ;对说谎 /说真话的道德评价则不同于理解 ,至少到 9岁时 ,儿童的评价依据已由“事实”因素开始转向考虑说话者内在心理过程的“交往目的”因素 ,“情景”因素对道德评价也有一定的作用。     

Situation Taxonomy and Behavioral Diagnosis Using Prospective Self-Monitoring Data: Application to Dietary Adherence in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes

The goals of this study were to create a taxonomy of problem situations for diet adherence in persons with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 1 diabetes) and a behavioral diagnosis by grouping patients together who have similar adherence problems. In study one, 29 patients with Type 1 diabetes kept food diaries for 4 weeks. Adherence was assessed using eight behavioral measures: (1) compliance with a meal plan, (2) energy intake, (3) protein, (4) carbohydrates, (5) fat, (6) self-reported overeating, (7) self-reported undereating, and (8) ratings of impulsive eating. The occurrence of each behavior was quantified in a wide range of situational contexts including meal, social context, physical location, and mood. Cluster analysis of behaviors, situations, and behaviors-in-situations was used to create a hierarchical classification model consisting of five major categories of adherence problems: (1) compliance with meal plan, (2) undereating, (3) overeating, (4) impulsive eating, and (5) lifestyle differences. Within each category, situations were associated with everyday eating habits and special circumstances such as social events, and meals in restaurants. Grouping patients based on the similarity of their adherence problems resulted in five diagnostic groups: (1) emotional binge eaters, (2) restrained eaters, (3) unrestrained eaters, (4) undereaters, and (5) cyclical diet bingers. In study two, 28 subjects kept diaries during an intervention program designed to enhance dietary adherence. Study two results were similar to study one. Situation taxonomy and behavioral diagnosis are potentially useful ways to understand the intervention needs of those attempting maintaining dietary behavior changes.     

初中生社会技能角色扮演测试的多因素实验研究

以初中生为被试,以社会技能为目标行为,对角色扮演测试进行研究,探讨其影响因素和外在效度。研究采用２×２×２三因素实验设计,通过现场测试、刺激控制和问卷调查相结合的实验方法,着重探讨了角色扮演情境内容、测试指导语、实验助手的交往方式三个因素对被试行为的影响,证明了角色扮演行为随情境操纵的变化而变化,并发现在采用个体化的测试情境、低水平要求的指导语及非结构化的交往方式的情况下,外在效度最高。另外,多元回归统计分析表明被试性别、已有水平等对角色扮演行为水平也有影响。     

对8─16岁少年儿童认同从众反应原因的研究

个体从众的原因究竟是什么？根据文献,假设有５种原因,以１００名８～１６岁少年儿童为被试进行测试,反应结果证实了这５种原因。然后,要求上述年龄的４００名被试对有关线段长度的和有关道德判断的从众反应情境、就５项原因作主次排序。结果表明：被试认为从众反应原因的主次顺序依次为“多数人更正确”、“表示归属群体”、“为了表示友好”、“为了免受责难”、“图省事不费心”;同时这种总趋势会因被试的年龄不同和从众情境不同表现出不同特点。     

对8─16岁少年儿童认同从众反应原因的研究

个体从众的原因究竟是什么？根据文献,假设有５种原因,以１００名８～１６岁少年儿童为被试进行测试,反应结果证实了这５种原因。然后,要求上述年龄的４００名被试对有关线段长度的和有关道德判断的从众反应情境、就５项原因作主次排序。结果表明：被试认为从众反应原因的主次顺序依次为“多数人更正确”、“表示归属群体”、“为了表示友好”、“为了免受责难”、“图省事不费心”;同时这种总趋势会因被试的年龄不同和从众情境不同表现出不同特点。     

Can animation compensate for temporal processing difficulties in deaf people?

This article addresses the issue of animation as an aid for temporal processing difficulties in deaf people learning the Highway Code. A decision-making task involving static or animated road situations was performed by 21 deaf and 24 hearing participants. They were confronted with four types of driving situations (overtaking, negotiating roundabouts, highways, and intersections) and had to decide whether or not to proceed. Participants were presented with two different formats (static vs. animated) and two levels of difficulty (simple vs. complex). Results showed that deaf participants had poorer performances in the static condition than hearing participants. Performance was better in the animated condition than in the static condition, especially in deaf participants. The benefits of animation were greater in complex situations for all participants. Decisions made on dynamic road situations were facilitated by the presence of spatiotemporal dimensions. These proved helpful to deaf candidates who have difficulties in this particular area.