社会价值取向对自我社会奖赏加工的影响——来自ERPs的证据

社会价值取向(Social Value Orientation, SVO)是相互依存情境下人们对自己和他人分配结果的一种稳定的社会偏好,按SVO不同可以将个体分为"亲社会取向"和"亲自我取向"个体。已有研究表明SVO影响个体对涉及自我金钱奖赏的结果评价加工,而它如何影响自我社会奖赏加工过程尚不明确。本研究让亲社会取向和亲自我取向被试完成涉及自我社会奖赏(包含社会接纳和自我成就感)的猜牌建议给予任务,同时记录其加工他人对建议的反馈(接受vs.拒绝)和他人最终结果(收益vs.损失)时诱发的脑电成分。结果发现,在建议反馈加工阶段,相比亲自我取向个体,亲社会取向个体在反馈相关负波(FRN)波幅(峰-峰值)和P3平均波幅上,建议被对方接受和被对方拒绝所诱发的波幅差异均显著;在他人最终结果加工阶段,建议被对方拒绝后,对于亲社会取向个体,对方损失诱发的反馈相关负FRN波幅比对方收益诱发的波幅更负,而对方损失诱发的P3波幅小于对方收益诱发的波幅;对于亲自我取向个体,对方损失与收益诱发的FRN波幅无差异,对方损失诱发的P3波幅显著大于对方收益诱发的波幅。这些结果表明社会价值取向调节个体对自我社会奖赏的加...     

社会价值取向对自我-他人风险决策的影响及其机制

以往关于为自己和代他人决策的冒险行为研究结果不一致,这可能是因为以往的研究没有考虑决策情境和决策者人际特质等因素对于决策行为的影响。社会价值取向(social value orientation, SVO)是一种典型的人际特质,是个体在对自我和他人资源分配时所表现出的社会偏好,通常分为亲社会者和亲自我者。为探究SVO对自我-他人风险决策的影响及其机制,采用为自己和陌生人分别完成多轮混合赌博游戏的任务。结果发现亲自我比亲社会者代他人决策更冒险。用模型量化的损失厌恶和对潜在损失的敏感度部分中介了自我-他人风险决策差异,但只有对他人潜在损失的敏感度部分中介自我-他人决策的SVO效应。说明SVO会影响自我-他人风险决策,且该效应可以通过对他人利益的关心程度起作用,所以在自我-他人风险决策的研究中应将SVO这一决策者的人际特质因素考虑在内。     

触觉刺激对触觉注意启动作用的研究

目的：探讨触觉刺激对触觉注意的影响,以揭示选择性注意的机制。方法：利用在体电生理记录技术,记录了288个丘脑腹侧基底核（ventrobasal nuleus of thalamus,VB）神经元放电活动,并着重考察了不同强度触觉刺激对丘脑神经元细胞自发放电活动的影响。结果发现：触觉刺激对大部分的触觉神经元的自发放电活动均有抑制性影响。提示触觉刺激降低背景噪声可能是触发选择性触觉注意的神经机制。     

文化价值取向与自我调节点对反馈效果的调节作用

选择个体主义、集体主义文化价值取向和自我调节点作为影响反馈效果的调节变量,采用2×2（反馈方式、反馈对象）两因素组间实验设计,以公文处理练习为实验材料,对171名MBA学生进行反馈的干预实验研究。结果表明,集体主义倾向、自我调节点是影响反馈效果的调节变量,集体主义倾向强的人得到针对小组的反馈,公文处理成绩提高;表扬提升调节点的被试公文处理成绩反而降低。     

病患的意义：从体验到概念的蜕变过程

美国哲学家S.K.图姆斯基于本人罹患的播散性或多发性硬化症的直接经验,阐述了关于病患意义构成及其变化四个层次的观点,这是他对梅洛-庞蒂身体现象学思想的具体化和当下化的应用。通过对这四个层次观点的梳理(感觉经验层次、患病的体验层次、疾病的认识层次、疾病状态的认识层次),认为研究病患意义具有极大的临床价值:即了解和读懂患者赋予病患的各种意义,将有助于改变目前临床医学问诊将患者的体验转变为医学概念术语的蜕变过程,有助于改善医患关系,并且对医学诊断和治疗目标带来深刻的影响。     

论医学技术主义的人文困境与救治之道

医学技术主义是科学还原论和科学决定论在医学领域的表现形式,其产生的原因主要有:机械唯物论的影响;技术主体与客体间的错位;医者对技术价值二重性的忽视以及医学文化价值的缺位。医学技术主义在推动着医学发展的同时,也导致了医学的人文困境,需从教育、思维方式、从医理念以及系统论的应用等方面进行综合救治。     

Do Emotions after Receiving Test Results Predict Review Activities? An Intra‐Individual Analysis

In the present study, we examined intra‐individual relations among emotions when receiving test results and subsequent test review activities, and the direct and moderating effects of perceptions of test value. The participants, 90 first‐year students at a private girls' secondary school, self‐reported their present emotional state immediately after receiving their test results and their test review activities 1 week after the tests were returned. The same survey was conducted on four occasions. Results of multilevel analyses indicated that emotions experienced when receiving test results did not predict subsequent learning behavior. The results also showed that relations among emotions and review activities differed across students. Although we investigated whether such individual differences in relations might be attributed to perceptions of test value, no moderating effect could be observed. Furthermore, improvement‐oriented test mindsets were found to be positive predictors of review activities by investigating the direct effect of perceptions of test value. These findings suggest that modifying students' perceptions of test value may promote appropriate learning behavior.     

Small‐unit water purifiers for remote military outposts: A new application of multicriteria decision analysis

During the U.S. military's first 145 years, waterborne and other infectious diseases caused more casualties than battlefield injuries, underscoring the importance of clean drinking water to military success. Ensuring drinking water safety poses special challenges to the U.S. Army Special Operations Forces, because treatment equipment used in the conventional Army is too heavy and operationally complex to deploy to remote outposts. Due to the lack of purpose‐built water purifiers, Special Forces often rely on commercial‐off‐the‐shelf systems, but guidelines on selecting optimal systems for specific deployment contexts are lacking. To fill this gap, this research examines whether multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) can provide an operational framework for selecting water purifiers for Special Forces. Our objectives are to apply MCDA to help an officer preparing for village stability operations in Afghanistan select a water purifier and to assess whether other Army stakeholders agree with the officer's choice. In addition, because previous research has suggested that alternative MCDA methods can yield different rankings of decision alternatives, we test whether the MCDA method used is as important as who conducts the ranking. Toward these objectives, we use 4 MCDA approaches for eliciting preferences among 4 water purifiers from the deploying officer and 6 other Army stakeholders. The results show that regardless of method, the officer and 5 of the 6 stakeholders identified the same preferred alternative, although rankings for the less preferred water purifiers varied by method (intermethod rank‐order correlation = .57). In responses to survey questions, stakeholders indicated that they would support using the results to support decisions about water purifier acquisition (average support = 5.3 on a 0–6 Likert scale with 6 indicating strongest support).     

‘Though he slay me,yet will I trust in him’: a critical reconstruction of Winnicott's theory of value

This paper extrapolates an outline for a theory of value from Winnicott's reflections on war in ‘Discussion of war aims’ (1940). The author treats Winnicott's discussion as an occasion for a critical reconstruction of his theory of life‐values. He discerns an implicit set of distinctions in Winnicott's reflections on war, including different orders of value (existential, ethical, and psychosocial); a distinction between maturity and necessity; and a yet more fundamental distinction between violence and brutality. The paper argues, on the basis of these distinctions, that Winnicott allows for an understanding of one's encounter with the enemy as an ethical relation. The main argument of the paper is that the ethical attitude underpins recognition of the enemy's humanity. On a more critical note, the author argues that Winnicott doesn't adhere consistently to the ethical attitude he presupposes, that in certain passages he privileges the maturity of combatants over the humanity of the enemy.