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221.
In this paper I propose a model of metaphor interpretation that would account for the possibility that semantic processing of familiar metaphors no longer go through the sequential steps of alignment and projection, but may rather be established upon schematic semantic units allowing faster processing. The proposition is grounded on the notion that metaphors are formed based on peoples’ perception of what is typically associated with entities. It is suggested that in its most abstract form, these associations are essentially events, analyzed in terms of event structure. 相似文献
222.
Statistical methods are presented to facilitate a more complete analysis of results obtained when a scaling model is applied to data from two or more groups. These methods can be used to (a) compare the corresponding estimated latent distributions obtained using the scaling model applied to the different groups, (b) compare the corresponding estimated item reliabilities (or item response error rates) for the different groups, and (c) test whether the scaling model applied to the several groups can be replaced by a more parsimonious scaling model that includes various homogeneity constraints (i.e., constraints that describe which parameters in the model are the same for the several groups). Various kinds of scaling models are considered here in the multiple-group context.Support for this research was provided in part by the National Science Foundation, to Clogg by Grant No. SES-7823759 and to Goodman by Grant No. SES-8303838. Clogg and Goodman were Fellows at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences when part of the research was done, with financial support provided in part by National Science Foundation grant BNS-8011494 to the Center. The authors are indebted to Mark P. Becker and James W. Shockey for helpful comments. 相似文献
223.
Pigeons were presented with an operant simulation of two prey patches using concurrent random-ratio schedules of reinforcement. An unstable patch offered a higher initial reinforcement probability, which then declined unpredictably to a zero reinforcement probability in each session. A stable patch offered a low but unvarying reinforcement probability. When the reinforcement probability declined to zero in a single step, the birds displayed shorter giving-up times in the unstable patch when the ratio between the initial reinforcement probabilities in the unstable and stable patches was greater and when the combined magnitude of the reinforcement probabilities in the two patches was greater. When the unstable patch declined in two steps, the birds behaved as if their giving-up times were influenced heavily by events encountered during the most recent step of the double-step change. This effect was observed, however, only when the reinforcement probability in that step was .04, not when it was .06. All of these data agree with the predictions of a capture-probability model based on a comparison of the estimated probability of receiving a reinforcer in the current patch with that in alternative patches. 相似文献
224.
An alternative two stage least squares (2SLS) estimator for latent variable equations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kenneth A. Bollen 《Psychometrika》1996,61(1):109-121
The Maximum-likelihood estimator dominates the estimation of general structural equation models. Noniterative, equation-by-equation
estimators for factor analysis have received some attention, but little has been done on such estimators for latent variable
equations. I propose an alternative 2SLS estimator of the parameters in LISREL type models and contrast it with the existing
ones. The new 2SLS estimator allows observed and latent variables to originate from nonnormal distributions, is consistent,
has a known asymptotic covariance matrix, and is estimable with standard statistical software. Diagnostics for evaluating
instrumental variables are described. An empirical example illustrates the estimator.
I gratefully acknowledge support for this research from the Sociology Program of the National Science Foundation (SES-9121564)
and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California. This paper was presented at the Interdisciplinary
Consortium for Statistical Applications at Indiana University at Bloomington (March 2, 1994) and at the RMD Conference on
Causal Modeling at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (March 3-5, 1994). 相似文献
225.
B. L. Hopkins 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1995,28(3):379-386
This paper examines Pfadt and Wheeler's (1995) suggestions that the methods of statistical process control (SPC) be incorporated into applied behavior analysis. The research strategies of SPC are examined and compared to those of applied behavior analysis. I argue that the statistical methods that are a part of SPC would likely reduce applied behavior analysts' intimate contacts with the problems with which they deal and would, therefore, likely yield poor treatment and research decisions. Examples of these kinds of results and decisions are drawn from the cases and data Pfadt and Wheeler present. This paper also describes and clarifies many common misconceptions about SPC, including W. Edwards Deming's involvement in its development, its relationship to total quality management, and its confusion with various other methods designed to detect sources of unwanted variability. 相似文献
226.
Henk A. L. Kiers 《Psychometrika》1995,60(2):221-245
Monotonically convergent algorithms are described for maximizing six (constrained) functions of vectors x, or matricesX with columns x1, ..., x
r
. These functions are h1(x)=
k
(xA
kx)(xC
kx)–1, H1(X)=
k
tr (XA
k
X)(XC
k
X)–1, h1(X)=
k
l
(x
l
A
kx
l
) (x
l
C
kx
l
)–1 withX constrained to be columnwise orthonormal, h2(x)=
k
(xA
kx)2(xC
kx)–1 subject to xx=1, H2(X)=
k
tr(XA
kX)(XAkX)(XCkX)–1 subject toXX=I, and h2(X)=
k
l
(x
l
A
kx
l
)2 (x
l
C
kX
l
)–1 subject toXX=I. In these functions the matricesC
k are assumed to be positive definite. The matricesA
k can be arbitrary square matrices. The general formulation of the functions and the algorithms allows for application of the algorithms in various problems that arise in multivariate analysis. Several applications of the general algorithms are given. Specifically, algorithms are given for reciprocal principal components analysis, binormamin rotation, generalized discriminant analysis, variants of generalized principal components analysis, simple structure rotation for one of the latter variants, and set component analysis. For most of these methods the algorithms appear to be new, for the others the existing algorithms turn out to be special cases of the newly derived general algorithms.This research has been made possible by a fellowship from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences to the author. The author is obliged to Jos ten Berge for stimulating this research and for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. 相似文献
227.
ULF AHLSTRÖM 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1995,36(4):343-354
The present study investigated the proximal constraints that determine perceptual unit formation under minimal stimulus conditions. Projections of three moving dots, which could form two possible two-dot configurations, were presented to naive observers. In a forced-choice situation, their task was to report which two-dot configuration was perceived as a distinct perceptual unit. The results showed that common motions (arbitrary translations and rigid rotations in the frontoparallel plane) have stronger grouping power as compared to different relative motions (expansions/contractions, or simultaneous expansions/contractions and deformations in the frontoparallel plane). It was found that proximal changes of distances between elements in two-dot structures reduce grouping power. Changes of proximal directions, however, did not affect unit formation in two-dot structures at all. The effect of vector algebraic combinations on grouping power in three-dot strutures was also investigated. Evidently, visual vector analysis splits up motion combinations into their constituents, and in come cases this contributes to additive effects. 相似文献
228.
229.
差数显著性t检验与元分析的对比研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
利用计算机构造被试总体、模拟实验研究程序进行抽样研究,探讨显著性t检验方法与元分析方法在检验实验结果数据方面的差异。在模拟实验过程中,t验受到显著性水平、样本容量和总体效果大小的影响,因此最终影响了统计推断的可靠性,建议:在进行显著性检验过程中,应对统计检验能力进行估计;元分析方法以样本为元素对总体进行推断,因此具有很高的准确性和可靠性,它将很有可能成为今后心理学研究的重要统计工具。 相似文献
230.
Henk A. L. Kiers 《Psychometrika》1997,62(4):579-598
Factor analysis and principal components analysis (PCA) are often followed by an orthomax rotation to rotate a loading matrix to simple structure. The simple structure is usually defined in terms of the simplicity of the columns of the loading matrix. In Three-mode PCA, rotational freedom of the so called core (a three-way array relating components for the three different modes) can be used similarly to find a simple structure of the core. Simple structure of the core can be defined with respect to all three modes simultaneously, possibly with different emphases on the different modes. The present paper provides a fully flexible approach for orthomax rotation of the core to simple structure with respect to three modes simultaneously. Computationally, this approach relies on repeated (two-way) orthomax applied to supermatrices containing the frontal, lateral or horizontal slabs, respectively. The procedure is illustrated by means of a number of exemplary analyses. As a by-product, application of the Three-mode Orthomax procedures to two-way arrays is shown to reveal interesting relations with and interpretations of existing two-way simple structure rotation techniques.This research has been made possible by a fellowship from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences to the author. The author is obliged to Jos ten Berge and two anonymous reviewers for useful comments on an earlier version of this paper. 相似文献