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71.
Werner Ebeling 《World Futures: Journal of General Evolution》2013,69(1-4):467-481
We investigate first several entropy concepts, from static to dynamic entropy. Dynamic entropy is introduced as a measure of predictability. Then the relation between entropy and information is studied. Following Wiener information is considered as a non‐physical quantity, not matter or energy. Information is understood as a binary relation between a sender and a receiver. We differentiate between bound and free information. Information can be created by selforganization, historically it is connected with the origin of life. The structure and predictability of informational strings is investigated. For example we study symbolic sequences generated by evolution, as e.g. texts. It is shown that several information carriers show criticality connected with the existence of long‐range correlations, long memory in time and historical behaviour (self‐tuned criticality). The higher order Shannon entropies and the conditional entropies (dynamical entropies and there limit) are calculated, characteristic scaling laws are found. 相似文献
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We examined whether the expression of visual statistical learning (VSL) is flexible at the superordinate-categorical level. In the familiarization phase, participants viewed a sequence of line drawings. In the test phase, participants observed two test sequences (statistically related triplets versus unrelated foils) that consisted of the same objects as those presented during the familiarization phase (the same condition) or different objects that shared the same categorical information with drawings during the familiarization (the different condition). They then decided whether the first or the second sequence was more familiar. The results of Experiment 1 showed greater familiarity above chance levels for statistically related triplets only in the same condition. In Experiment 2, even where the word stimuli representing each superordinate-level category were included in the test phase (the categorical condition), the results showed VSL only in the same condition. Our findings suggest that the semantic flexibility of VSL is limited to the basic-level category. 相似文献
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75.
脑成像在心理学研究领域的价值 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Marc G. Berman 《心理学报》2010,42(1):111-119
现在普遍使用的脑成像技术给心理学研究增加了新的数据和资料。和任何新的方法一样,我们需要决定如何以适当的方式应用这项技术。这项技术如何以现有的方法所不能的方式帮助回答理论问题?这项技术最好是作为因变量还是作为预测变量来使用?它如何与其它感兴趣的心理变量相关?这种新的成像技术有助于我们了解大脑的运作及其与心理学的关系。研究人员需要弄清楚如何利用这项技术提供的信息加深对心理现象的理解。 相似文献
76.
by John F. Haught 《Zygon》2010,45(1):213-220
Robert Russell's theological work has been a helpful stimulus to the task of understanding the meaning of divine action and providence in the age of science. He relates God's direct action "fundamentally" to the hidden domain of quantum events, and his theology of nature deserves careful attention. It is questionable, however, whether the term fundamental as applied to quantum events by physical science may be taken over by theology without more careful qualification than Russell offers. 相似文献
77.
平均数差异显著性检验统计检验力和效果大小的估计原理与方法 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
该文以平均数差异显著性检验为例,对实验数据进行假设检验后,继续对其统计检验力和效果大小进行估计的基本原理和方法作一介绍。 相似文献
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79.
Pier‐Olivier Caron 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2019,111(2):183-191
Multilevel modeling has been considered a promising statistical tool in the field of the experimental analysis of behavior and may serve as a convenient statistical analysis for matching behavior because it structures data in groups (or levels) to account simultaneously for the within‐subject and between‐subject variances. Heretofore, researchers have sometimes pooled data erroneously from different subjects in a single analysis by using average ratios, average response and reinforcer rates, aggregation of subjects, etc. Unfortunately, this leads to loss of information and biased estimations, which can severely undermine generalization of the results. Instead, a multilevel approach is advocated to combine several subjects' matching behavior. A reanalysis of previous data on matching behavior is provided to illustrate the method and point out its advantages. It illustrates that multilevel regression leads to better estimations, is more convenient, and offers more behavioral information. We hope this paper will encourage the use of multilevel modeling in the statistical practices of behavior analysts. 相似文献
80.
Limited evidence is available concerning ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (DF ROM) and its relationship with landing performance from varying drop heights. The aim of this investigation was to determine the relationship between ankle DF ROM and both kinetic and kinematic variables measured during bilateral drop-landings from 50%, 100% and 150% of countermovement jump height. Thirty-nine participants were measured for their ankle DF ROM using the weight-bearing lunge test, after which five bilateral drop-landings were performed from 50%, 100% and 150% of maximal countermovement jump height. Normalized peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), time to peak vGRF and loading rate was calculated for analysis, alongside sagittal-plane initial contact angles, peak angles and joint displacement for the hip, knee and ankle. Frontal-plane projection angles were also calculated. Ankle DF ROM was not related to normalized peak vGRF, time to peak vGRF or loading rate (P > 0.05), regardless of the drop height. However, at drop heights of 100% and 150% of countermovement jump height, there were numerous significant (P < 0.05) moderate to large correlations between ankle DF ROM and initial contact angles (r = −0.34 to −0.40) and peak angles (r = −0.42 to −0.52) for the knee and ankle joint. Knee joint displacement (r = 0.39–0.47) and frontal-plane projection angle (r = 0.37–0.40) had a positive relationship with ankle DF ROM, which was consistent across all drop heights. Ankle DF ROM influences coordination strategies that allow for the management of vGRF during bilateral drop-landings, with alterations in alignment for the knee and ankle joints at both initial contact and peak angles. 相似文献