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61.
Human adults are adept at mitigating the influence of sensory uncertainty on task performance by integrating sensory cues with learned prior information, in a Bayes‐optimal fashion. Previous research has shown that young children and infants are sensitive to environmental regularities, and that the ability to learn and use such regularities is involved in the development of several cognitive abilities. However, it has also been reported that children younger than 8 do not combine simultaneously available sensory cues in a Bayes‐optimal fashion. Thus, it remains unclear whether, and by what age, children can combine sensory cues with learned regularities in an adult manner. Here, we examine the performance of 6‐ to 7‐year‐old children when tasked with localizing a ‘hidden’ target by combining uncertain sensory information with prior information learned over repeated exposure to the task. We demonstrate that 6‐ to 7‐year‐olds learn task‐relevant statistics at a rate on par with adults, and like adults, are capable of integrating learned regularities with sensory information in a statistically efficient manner. We also show that variables such as task complexity can influence young children's behavior to a greater extent than that of adults, leading their behavior to look sub‐optimal. Our findings have important implications for how we should interpret failures in young children's ability to carry out sophisticated computations. These ‘failures’ need not be attributed to deficits in the fundamental computational capacity available to children early in development, but rather to ancillary immaturities in general cognitive abilities that mask the operation of these computations in specific situations. 相似文献
62.
In this paper we study in details a system of two weakly coupled harmonic oscillators from the point of view of Bohm’s interpretation
of quantum mechanics. This system may be viewed as a simple model for the interaction between a photon and a photodetector.
We obtain exact solutions for the general case. We then compute approximate solutions for the case where one oscillator is
initially in its first excited state (a single photon) reaching the other oscillator in its ground state (the photodetector).
The approximate solutions represent the state of both oscillators after the interaction, which is not an eigenstate of the
individual hamiltonians for each oscillator, and therefore the energies for each oscillator do not exist in the Copenhagen
interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. We use the approximate solutions that we obtained to compute Bohmian trajectories and
to study the energy transfer between the oscillators. We conclude that, even using the Bohmian view, the energy of each individual
oscillator is not well defined, as the nonlocal quantum potential is not negligible even after the coupling is turned off. 相似文献
63.
Wayne Wright 《Philosophical Studies》2007,132(2):301-330
This paper argues that the form of explanation at issue in the hard problem of consciousness is scientifically irrelevant,
despite appearances to the contrary. In particular, it is argued that the ‘sense of understanding’ that plays a critical role
in the form of explanation implicated in the hard problem provides neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition on satisfactory
scientific explanation. Considerations of the actual tools and methods available to scientists are used to make the case against
it being a necessary condition, and work by J.D. Trout that exploits psychological research on the hindsight and overconfidence
biases is used to show that it is not a sufficient condition. It is argued, however, that certain intellectual and moral concerns
give us good reason to still try to meet the hard problem’s explanatory challenge, despite its extrascientific nature. 相似文献
64.
对我院2001年~2005年中标的312项科研课题级别与数量,获经费资助情况,中标科研课题的学科(专业)分布,课题负责人的年龄结构进行系统地统计分析,表明我院承担科研课题的能力在逐年提高,取得了很好的科研成绩。中青年科研人员已成为我院科研发展的主力军,促进了学科的发展。 相似文献
65.
Boele De Raad Dick P. H. Barelds Marieke E. Timmerman Kim De Roover Boris Mlačić A. Timothy Church 《欧洲人格杂志》2014,28(5):497-510
The purpose of the present study is to find the common kernel of different trait taxonomic studies and find out how the individual structures relate to this common kernel. Trait terms from 11 psycholexically based taxonomies were all translated into English. On the basis of the commonalities in English, the 11 matrices were merged into a joint matrix with 7104 subjects and 1993 trait terms. Untranslatable terms produced large areas with missing data. To arrive at the kernel structure of the joint matrix, a simultaneous component analysis was applied. In addition, the kernel structures were compared with the individual taxonomy trait structures, obtained via principal component analysis. The findings provide evidence of a structure consisting of three components to stand out as the core of the taxonomies included in this study; those components were named dynamism, affiliation, and order. Moreover, the relations between these three kernel components and those of a six‐component solution (completing the six‐factor model) are provided. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
66.
Invisible Stimuli,Implicit Thresholds: Why Invisibility Judgments
Cannot be Interpreted in Isolation
Thomas Schmidt 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2015,11(2):31-41
Some studies of unconscious cognition rely on judgments of participants stating
that they have “not seen” the critical stimulus (e.g., in a masked-priming
experiment). Trials in which participants gave invisibility judgments are then
treated as those where the critical stimulus was “subliminal” or “unconscious,”
as opposed to trials with higher visibility ratings. Sometimes, only these
trials are further analyzed, for instance, for unconscious priming effects. Here
I argue that this practice requires implicit assumptions about subjective
measures of awareness incompatible with basic models of categorization under
uncertainty (e.g., modern signal-detection and threshold theories). Most
importantly, it ignores the potential effects of response bias. Instead of
taking invisibility judgments literally, they would better be employed in
parametric experiments where stimulus visibility is manipulated systematically,
not accidentally. This would allow studying qualitative and double dissociations
between measures of awareness and of stimulus processing per se. 相似文献
67.
Harpreet Singh Arora 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2016,96(10):383-391
High temperature mechanics of nanomoulded amorphous metals was investigated by in situ nanomechanical testing. Nanopillars of Pd43Cu27Ni10P20 metallic glass were synthesized by thermoplastic forming and their stress–strain response was obtained concurrent with direct observation of their deformation behaviour. This allowed the measurement of mechanical behaviour from nanopillars and the corresponding bulk substrate with identical thermal history. A rise in elastic modulus was seen with increase in temperature for both the nanopillars and substrate, which was explained by diffusive rearrangement of atomic-scale viscoelastic units. The results provide fundamental insights into structural rearrangement in metallic glasses. 相似文献
68.
James Goetz 《Theology & Science》2016,14(3):325-339
This paper models God and time in the framework of modern physics. God bridges and simultaneously exists in (1) a universe with infinite tenseless time and (2) a created parallel universe with tensed time and a point origin. The primary attributes of God are inexhaustible love, inexhaustible perception, and inexhaustible force. The model also incorporates modern physics theories that include relativity, the conservation of energy, quantum mechanics, and multiverse geometry. For example, creation out of nothing and divine intervention are subject to physical processes and likewise nomological possibility. I will call this model semiclassical theism. 相似文献
69.
Hiroyuki Muto 《The Japanese psychological research》2021,63(3):190-202
When determining whether a rotated letter is normal or mirrored, an observer mentally rotates the letter to its canonical orientation. To account for patterns of response times (RTs) for the normal/mirror discrimination of rotated letters, previous research formulated a model that postulated a mixture of trials with and without mental rotation. While this model could explain the curvilinear relationship that has been found between averaged RT and letter orientations, the curved RT function is still open to alternative explanations without assuming mixed processes. To address this issue and test the mixed-process hypothesis more directly, we analyzed trial-by-trial RT data instead of averaged RTs by employing a Bayesian model comparison technique. If rotation and non-rotation trials are mixed, trial-by-trial RTs for letters in a particular orientation should not follow a single distribution but a mixed one formed from the superposition of two separate distributions, one for rotation and one for non-rotation trials. In the present study, we compared single- and mixed-distribution models. Bayes-factor analysis showed decisive support for the mixed-distribution model over the single-distribution model. In addition, using the widely applicable information criterion (WAIC), the predictive accuracy of the mixed-distribution model was found to be as high as that of the single-distribution model. These results indicated the involvement of mixed processes in normal/mirror discrimination of rotated letters. The usefulness of statistical modeling in psychological study and necessary precautions to take in the interpretation of the parameters of unconfirmed models are also discussed. 相似文献
70.