Interpreting functional analysis outcomes using automated nonparametric statistical analysis

Current methods employed to interpret functional analysis data include visual analysis and post-hoc visual inspection (PHVI). However, these methods may be biased by dataset complexity, hand calculations, and rater experience. We examined whether an automated approach using nonparametric rank-based statistics could increase the accuracy and efficiency of functional analysis data interpretation. We applied Automated Nonparametric Statistical Analysis (ANSA) to a sample of 65 published functional analyses for which additional experimental evidence was available to verify behavior function. Results showed that exact behavior function agreement between ANSA and the publications authors was 83.1%, exact agreement between ANSA and PHVI was 75.4%, and exact agreement across all 3 methods was 64.6%. These preliminary findings suggest that ANSA has the potential to support the data interpretation process. A web application that incorporates the calculations and rules utilized by ANSA is accessible at https://ansa.shinyapps.io/ansa/     

Pain and Depressive Symptoms: Exploring Cognitive Fusion and Self-Compassion in a Moderated Mediation Model

The association between chronic pain (CP) and depression is complex and influenced by several psychological processes. Cognitive fusion (i.e. being entangled with one´s internal experiences) and self-compassion (i.e. being touched by one´s suffering, with a motivation to alleviate it) have been hypothesized as relevant psychological processes in physical and mental health, but few studies have addressed them in CP, and none in a comprehensive model relating pain intensity and depressive symptoms. This study tests, in a moderated mediation model, the mediator role of cognitive fusion between pain intensity and depressive symptoms, and the moderator effect of self-compassion in this mediation. In a cross-sectional study, 231 female CP patients (Age: M?=?48.51, SD?=?10.89) responded online self-report measures. PROCESS, an SPSS macro for conducting path analysis modeling, was used to test the hypothesized model. The model explained 63% of depressive symptoms, and cognitive fusion mediates the association between pain intensity and depressive symptoms. Also, self-compassion moderates this mediation (regardless of self-compassion being low, moderate or high). Although pain intensity is a predictor of depressive symptoms, fusion with thinking in general mediates this association, this relationship is buffered when patients are able to respond to setbacks and perceived shortcomings with self-kindness and warmth. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.     

腰椎间盘突出症两种手术方式治疗住院费用分析

比较腰椎间盘突出症单纯减压手术与减压并植骨融合手术所需费用,探讨腰椎间盘突出症手术治疗医疗费用的影响因素,为患者选择合理的手术方案提供依据。选择某专科医院2005年1月至2007年10月期间851例行单纯减压手术与242例减压并植骨融合术的病例,对其手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后抗菌素使用时间、住院各项费用进行比较。材料费、药费、手术费、床位费是影响住院总费用的主要因素。腰椎间盘突出症的患者可根据自身的经济条件、所患疾病的具体情况在两种手术方式之间权衡决定最适宜的手术方案。     

《周易正义》的注疏特色

从形式上来说,唐代的注疏之学,是在南北朝的义疏之学的基础上发展而来的。至唐初孔颖达注疏《周易正义》时,受了南北朝义疏的影响,即以一家之注为底本,兼采诸经、诸家之说。而从内容方面来说,《周易正义》则以儒为宗,兼采老庄之说,并掺杂佛风,同时,重义理而不废象数,是儒家思想主导下儒、释、道三家合流、象数与义理互融的结果,在学术上显示了兼容并包的盛唐气象。     

序列统计结构对内隐序列学习发展的影响

采用序列学习研究范式,考察小三到大三学生内隐序列学习的发展规律及制约因素。结果表明:(1)各年龄组被试均能在序列学习中获得序列规则;(2)不同年龄组被试序列反应时存在显著差异,说明内隐序列学习从小三到大三之间一直存在发展变化;(3)被试在高统计结构下的反应时要低于低统计结构下的,且这种差异不存在发展变化,说明高统计结构下的内隐学习成绩要好于低统计结构下的;(4)外显被试的量随年龄增长而增加,说明对序列学习的有意识加工能力随年龄增长而提高。     

The Role of Independence and Stationarity in Probabilistic Models of Binary Choice

After more then 50 years of probabilistic choice modeling in economics, marketing, political science, psychology, and related disciplines, theoretical and computational advances give scholars access to a sophisticated array of modeling and inference resources. We review some important, but perhaps often overlooked, properties of major classes of probabilistic choice models. For within‐respondent applications, we discuss which models require repeated choices by an individual to be independent and response probabilities to be stationary. We show how some model classes, but not others, are invariant over variable preferences, variable utilities, or variable choice probabilities. These models, but not others, accommodate pooling of responses or averaging of choice proportions within participant when underlying parameters vary across observations. These, but not others, permit pooling/averaging across respondents in the presence of individual differences. We also review the role of independence and stationarity in statistical inference, including for probabilistic choice models that, themselves, do not require those properties. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

成人依恋与心理理论的关系:认知融合与经验性回避的中介作用

为探究成人依恋、认知融合、经验性回避与心理理论的关系及其作用机制,研究者采用实验法和问卷法对312名成年人进行了测量。研究结果表明：（1）不安全的成人依恋负向预测心理理论;（2）经验性回避在成人依恋与心理理论之间起中介作用;（3）认知融合在成人依恋与心理理论之间不存在中介作用;（4）成人依恋的两种类型（依恋回避、依恋焦虑）呈现出不同的链式中介作用：认知融合与经验性回避在依恋回避与心理理论之间起部分中介作用,而在依恋焦虑与心理理论之间起完全中介作用。研究从心理灵活性的角度考察成人依恋与心理理论的关系及其作用机制,并探究接纳承诺训练在提升社会认知能力上的实践意义。     

结构方程模型统计检验力分析：原理与方法

结构方程模型是心理学、管理学、社会学等学科中重要的统计工具之一。然而, 大量使用结构方程模型的研究忽视了对该方法的统计检验力进行必要的分析和报告, 在一定程度上降低了这些研究的结果的证明效力。结构方程模型的统计检验力分析方法主要有Satorra-Saris法、MacCallum法与Monte Carlo法三类。其中Satorra-Saris法适用于备择模型清晰、检验对象相对简单、检验方法基于χ²分布的情形; MacCallum法适用于基于χ²分布的模型拟合检验且备择模型不明的情形; Monte Carlo法适用于检验对象相对复杂、采用模拟或重抽样方法进行检验的情形。在实际应用中, 研究者应当首先判断检验的目的、方法以及是否有明确的备择模型, 并根据这些信息选择具体的分析方法。     

Sequential learning in non-human primates

Sequential learning plays a role in a variety of common tasks, such as human language processing, animal communication, and the learning of action sequences. In this article, we investigate sequential learning in non-human primates from a comparative perspective, focusing on three areas: the learning of arbitrary, fixed sequences; statistical learning; and the learning of hierarchical structure. Although primates exhibit many similarities to humans in their performance on sequence learning tasks, there are also important differences. Crucially, non-human primates appear to be limited in their ability to learn and represent the hierarchical structure of sequences. We consider the evolutionary implications of these differences and suggest that limitations in sequential learning may help explain why non-human primates lack human-like language.     

Emergence of spontaneous anticipatory hand movements in a probabilistic environment

In this article, we present a novel experimental approach to the study of anticipation in probabilistic cuing. We implemented a modified spatial cuing task in which participants made an anticipatory hand movement toward one of two probabilistic targets while the (x, y)-computer mouse coordinates of their hand movements were sampled. This approach allowed us to tap into anticipatory processes as they occurred, rather than just measuring their behavioral outcome through reaction time to the target. In different conditions, we varied the participants’ degree of certainty of the upcoming target position with probabilistic pre-cues. We found that participants initiated spontaneous anticipatory hand movements in all conditions, even when they had no information on the position of the upcoming target. However, participants’ hand position immediately before the target was affected by the degree of certainty concerning the target’s position. This modulation of anticipatory hand movements emerged rapidly in most participants as they encountered a constant probabilistic relation between a cue and an upcoming target position over the course of the experiment. Finally, we found individual differences in the way anticipatory behavior was modulated with an uncertain/neutral cue. Implications of these findings for probabilistic spatial cuing are discussed.