情绪活动对免疫系统的影响

医学心理学新近研究表明,情绪状态及其所伴随的生理反应直接影响免疫系统的功能,积极情绪状态会增强免疫功能,而消极情绪状态则削弱免疫功能,且会提高人对疾病的易感性;情绪调节方式与免疫系统功能间存在着明显相关：积极的情绪调节有助于免疫功能的增强,而消极的情绪调节则导致免疫功能的减弱;情绪宣泄能够缓解创伤或压力事件对免疫功能的消极影响,而抑制消极体验则会导致免疫系统功能的降低,引发更为严重的身心健康问题。     

目标状态与时间信息在情境模型加工中的作用

采用移动窗口和记录探测句阅读时间的实时阅读技术, 对情境模型中目标状态与时间信息的关系进行了探索。运用重复测量的实验设计进行了三个实验, 实验发现(1)在顺序发生的事件结构中, 未达成目标作为持续追踪的焦点, 使得时间转换增大的条件下, 也不会对信息的整合产生影响; 而对时间距离的表征不仅起到了提高速度的作用, 而且也没有产生时间距离的远近效应。(2)同样是在顺序语篇中, 无目标和目标达成条件下, 随着时间转换的增大, 则出现了时间转换的大小效应, 也出现了时间距离的远近效应。(3)在回溯事件的建构中, 读者把回溯事件表征为时间距离的背景信息, 目标促进了信息的整合。     

基于参数表征的数量空间关系加工

空间关系的理解是概念表征向知觉表征的转化, 而空间关系的表达则是知觉表征向概念表征的转化。两种表征的转化以参照系为中介。视觉数量空间关系加工属于知觉表征向概念表征转化的空间关系表达过程。本研究通过控制方向、朝向及距离在启动与探测中的匹配关系, 采用三个实验探讨了数量空间关系加工中参照系各参数的表征及其相互作用。结果发现：(1) 数量空间关系加工中存在方向表征, 一定任务情境下存在朝向表征。(2) 距离匹配的促进效果只在启动刺激和探测刺激的方位关系处于参照系同轴时发生。这些结果进而说明, 数量空间关系加工中内隐地包含类别空间关系表征, 一定任务情境下, 可能存在垂直/水平的类别空间关系表征; 数量空间关系加工中的距离是联系于参照系轴的表征。     

探析主流心理学追求自然科学化的原因

主流心理学采取自然科学的原理和方法论, 试图将自己变成一门自然科学。作者从历史、社会、经济、时代精神、学科建制的背景下, 分析了主流心理学选择自然科学取向的原因。这些原因包括：自然科学对主流心理学的历史性影响, 自然科学具备成熟的方法论和有利的时代精神, 自然科学的实践性优势, 社会需求对自然科学取向心理学的促进, 主流心理学研究者的心理因素, 以及心理学研究对象的复杂性。     

Post-conventional moral reasoning and reputation

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development conceives conventional and post-conventional moral reasoning as consecutive levels in a developmental sequence. This claim was examined in terms of the relationship between preference for these two styles of reasoning on the one hand and moral identity as perceived by others (reputation) and as self-perceived and on the other. Participants (n = 172), in groups of four mutual acquaintances, provided ratings of one another’s standing, and estimates of their own standing and reputation, on four trait dimensions (moral responsibility, consideration for others, respect for authority, and political orientation). Post-conventional moral reasoning, assessed using the Defining Issues Test, was not significantly related either to reputation or to self-rating on any dimension except political orientation. Conventional reasoning was related to politics though in the opposite direction, but additionally to both self- and other-ratings of moral responsibility and to the corresponding ratings of respect for authority. Findings do not support the view that the conventional/post-conventional distinction in moral reasoning is a developmental difference. An alternative proposed is that these are independent domains of moral thought, related to quite different aspects of social behaviour and political attitudes.     

Nonverbal zero-acquaintance accuracy of self-esteem,social dominance orientation,and satisfaction with life

Two samples of undergraduates judged the personalities of strangers (either six men or six women) after viewing a 30 s, silent video clip of each target. We evaluated the accuracy of five traits, three of which were not previously studied in zero-acquaintance research (self-esteem, social dominance orientation (SDO), and satisfaction with life (SWL); we also tested masculinity and femininity). We compared these five new traits to a baseline of accuracy for extroversion. People reached consensus on self-esteem, SDO, and SWL, though accuracy was higher and more consistent for male targets. Significant self-other agreement was obtained only for SWL, for male targets. We replicated past studies by demonstrating zero-acquaintance accuracy for masculinity but not femininity.     

A Model of the Relationship of Sex-Role Orientation to Social Problem-Solving

The study developed and empirically tested an integrated model that examined the relationships between sex-role orientations and the two conceptually related coping behaviors, namely, response styles and social problem-solving, using structural equation modeling. A total of 181 (129 females and 52 males) undergraduate students from a large public university in the northeast United States completed the Bem-Sex Role Inventory, the Response Style Questionnaire and the Rational Problem Solving scale of the Social Problem-Solving Inventory—Revised. Results showed that masculinity was related to social problem-solving. Sex-role orientations were not related to response styles. Both ruminative response style and distractive response style were positively related to rational problem-solving.     

The Relationship between Social Dominance Orientation and Gender: The Mediating Role of Social Values

Invariance hypothesis posits that, across cultures and contexts, men are higher in SDO than women. Social Dominance Theory (SDT) suggests that this difference is biologically determined and resulting from the differences in reproductive strategies between sexes. In this study we tested the hypothesis that values can explain gender–SDO differences. SDT suggests that SDO mediates gender differences in values. The contrasting hypothesis suggests that gender–SDO differences are mediated by values. Using SEM with a sample of Italian University students (N = 162, 80 men), the results provided strong support for the hypothesis of a mediation effect of values. Indeed, when controlling for values, gender difference in SDO disappear. Very similar findings were obtained for both GBD and OEQ. Results are discussed.     

方位维度视觉搜索的影响因素

Duncan等人认为,当目标和干扰子之间差异越大且干扰子彼此之间差异越小时,则目标搜索越快。他们的结论定性地描述了目标搜索斜率（反应时间对呈现项目数的函数）的决定因素。笔者从方位维度刺激关系方面进一步定量探究该问题,并提出决定因素为g(T, D, n)（目标方位和干扰子方位间的函数关系）。实验结果证实目标搜索斜率是由g(T,D,n)值决定,目标搜索斜率随g(T, D, n)值增大而减小,相同g(T, D, n)值条件的目标搜索斜率无显著差异     

目标取向和工作经验对绩效的效应

通过两个样本调查,对目标取向和工作经验量表进行了结构检验,并探讨了目标取向和工作经验对个体绩效的效应模式。结果表明：学习目标取向和工作经验定性成份与绩效间存在中等程度相关;在控制了人口统计学变量的效应后,学习目标取向对绩效具有显著的预测效应;工作经验定性成份与绩效间的关系受到学习目标取向缓冲,在学习目标取向低分组,工作经验定性成份对个体绩效更具预测力