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排序方式: 共有299条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
71.
本实验通过将具有参考框架信息的前置刺激改为掩蔽刺激,进一步探讨参考框架的变化和表象旋转的过程。结果表明:1、因掩蔽刺激而引起的主观参考框架的产生是瞬间完成的,而不是由原先直立的参考框架经过连续旋转后形成的。2、显示了倾斜字母的加工不完全是整体表象的线性旋转过程,而可能是整字一成分的混合加工过程。 相似文献
72.
Ellen T. Matloff 《Journal of genetic counseling》1994,3(3):215-231
This study demonstrated that the content of prenatal genetic counseling sessions varied from counselor to counselor and from center to center. The study was designed to examine which specific issues were included by genetic counselors in prenatal genetic counseling sessions, and to determine which factors led genetic counselors to include or exclude this information from such sessions. Data were collected by randomly surveying 200 full, master degree members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC). Respondents provided information by deciding which of 45 specific issues they would include in a standard prenatal genetic counseling session, and which one factor from a bank of 11 factors most accurately described the reason for this decision. The results indicated that the issues included/excluded from sessions varied widely among genetic counselors. The results also indicated that Patient Education/Informed Decision Making (34.5%) played the largest role in decision making overall, with Standard at Center/Departmental Policy (17.6%), Personal Experience/Preference (12.4%), and Applicability (10.9%) serving as the next three most important reasons for including or excluding issues from prenatal genetic counseling sessions. 相似文献
73.
Dato N. M. de Gruijter 《Psychometrika》1984,49(2):269-272
In maximum likelihood estimation the standard error of the location parameter of the three parameter logistic model can be large, due to inaccurate estimation of the lower asymptote. Thissen and Wainer who demonstrated this effect, suggested that the introduction of a prior distribution for the lower asymptote might alleviate the problems. Here it is demonstrated in some detail that the standard error of the location parameter can be made acceptably small in this way.The author thanks Pieter Vijn for his helpful comments. 相似文献
74.
Ronald Van Houten 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1979,12(4):581-591
The use of social validation procedures has become widespread in recent years. Although most researchers have used social validation procedures to select target behaviors and to evaluate whether the changes produced by a treatment program should be considered socially useful, little attention has been focused upon using the social validation process to determine the optimal levels for target behaviors. This paper suggests several ways in which social validation procedures can be employed in order to select when and how much to change target behaviors. 相似文献
75.
A general formulation is presented for obtaining conditionally unbiased, univocal common-factor score estimates that have
maximum validity for the true orthogonal factor scores. We note that although this expression is formally different from both
Bartlett's formulation and Heermann's approximate expression, all three, while developed from very different rationales, yield
identical results given that the common-factor model holds for the data. Although the true factor score validities can be
raised by a different non-orthogonal transformation of orthogonalized regression estimates—as described by Mulaik—the resulting
estimates lose their univocality. 相似文献
76.
Nickola C. Overall Chloe Howard Danny Osborne Paula R. Pietromonaco Nicole Satherley Chris G. Sibley 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2023,17(7):e12747
The COVID-19 pandemic produced multiple stressors that risk relationship conflict and dissatisfaction. We extended prior studies that yielded inconsistent effects of the pandemic on relationships by using propensity score matching to (1) compare levels of relationship conflict and satisfaction during the pandemic (pandemic group; N = 7268) to similar people immediately before the pandemic (matched control group; N = 7268), and (2) compare pandemic groups facing different types of restrictions, beginning with lockdowns involving household isolation to returning to normal life. Results reveal that relationship conflict increased and relationship satisfaction decreased in response to the pandemic, but these effects were very small and primarily occurred in the initial stages of the pandemic when lockdown involved household isolation. The results add to evidence of resilience in personal and relationship well-being in 2020, but also indicate the importance of understanding the effects of varying pandemic-related conditions across the years of the pandemic. 相似文献
77.
This study addresses a central question in perception of novel figurative language: whether it is interpreted intelligently and figuratively immediately, or only after a literal interpretation fails. Eighty sentence frames that could plausibly end with a literal, truly anomalous, or figurative word were created. After validation for meaningfulness and figurativeness, the 240 sentences were presented to 11 subjects for event related potential (ERP) recording. ERP's first 200 ms is believed to reflect the structuring of the input; the prominence of a dip at around 400 ms (N400) is said to relate inversely to how expected a word is. Results showed no difference between anomalous and metaphoric ERPs in the early window, metaphoric and literal ERPs converging 300-500 ms after the ending, and significant N400s only for anomalous endings. A follow-up study showed that the metaphoric endings were less frequent (in standardized word norms) than were the anomalous and literal endings and that there were significant differences in cloze probabilities (determined from 24 new subjects) among the three ending types: literal > metaphoric > anomalous. It is possible that the low frequency of the metaphoric element and lower cloze probability of the anomalous one contributed to the processes reflected in the early window, while the incongruity and near-zero cloze probability of the anomalous endings produced an N400 effect in them alone. The structure or parse derived for metaphor during the early window appears to yield a preliminary interpretation suggesting anomaly, while semantic analysis reflected in the later window renders a plausible figurative interpretation. 相似文献
78.
不同阶层心理健康观念及需求状况的调查研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
运用开放式和封闭式问卷调查法 ,对不同阶层共 483人的心理健康观念及心理健康需求状况进行了调查研究。结果表明 :( 1 )不同阶层、不同年龄段的人关于心理健康标准的观念具有显著差异。 ( 2 )人们认为 ,心理健康的人应具有的最典型特征是“处世乐观、热情、诚恳”和“心平气和、与世无争、乐于助人”。 ( 3 )心理不健康的人或心理变态的人所表现的最典型特征是“性格孤僻、与人不合群”和“对生活失去信心、悲观”。 ( 4)虽然不少人认为心理健康与咨询工作者当前最急需开展的工作是“宣传心理健康知识、开展心理卫生服务” ,但只有极少的人能够正视自己的心理健康需求 ,提出自己需要心理健康服务或咨询。 相似文献
79.
Takahiro Hoshino 《Psychometrika》2007,72(4):535-549
Due to the difficulty in achieving a random assignment, a quasi-experimental or observational study design is frequently used
in the behavioral and social sciences. If a nonrandom assignment depends on the covariates, multiple group structural equation
modeling, that includes the regression function of the dependent variables on the covariates that determine the assignment,
can provide reasonable estimates under the condition of correct specification of the regression function. However, it is usually
difficult to specify the correct regression function because the dimensions of the dependent variables and covariates are
typically large. Therefore, the propensity score adjustment methods have been proposed, since they do not require the specification
of the regression function and have been applied to several applied studies. However, these methods produce biased estimates
if the assignment mechanism is incorrectly specified. In order to make a more robust inference, it would be more useful to
develop an estimation method that integrates the regression approach with the propensity score methodology. In this study
we propose a doubly robust-type estimation method for marginal multiple group structural equation modeling. This method provides a consistent estimator
if either the regression function or the assignment mechanism is correctly specified. A simulation study indicates that the
proposed estimation method is more robust than the existing methods.
This research was partially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists
(B), 187-30406. 相似文献
80.
When there exist omitted effects, measurement error, and/or simultaneity in multilevel models, explanatory variables may be
correlated with random components, and standard estimation methods do not provide consistent estimates of model parameters.
This paper introduces estimators that are consistent under such conditions. By employing generalized method of moments (GMM)
estimation techniques in multilevel modeling, the authors present a series of estimators along a robust to efficient continuum.
This continuum depends on the assumptions that the analyst makes regarding the extent of the correlated effects. It is shown
that the GMM approach provides an overarching framework that encompasses well-known estimators such as fixed and random effects
estimators and also provides more options. These GMM estimators can be expressed as instrumental variable (IV) estimators
which enhances their interpretability. Moreover, by exploiting the hierarchical structure of the data, the current technique
does not require additional variables unlike traditional IV methods. Further, statistical tests are developed to compare the
different estimators. A simulation study examines the finite sample properties of the estimators and tests and confirms the
theoretical order of the estimators with respect to their robustness and efficiency. It further shows that not only are regression
coefficients biased, but variance components may be severely underestimated in the presence of correlated effects. Empirical
standard errors are employed as they are less sensitive to correlated effects when compared to model-based standard errors.
An example using student achievement data shows that GMM estimators can be effectively used in a search for the most efficient
among unbiased estimators.
This research was supported by the National Academy of Education/Spencer Foundation and the National Science Foundation, grant
number SES-0436274. We thank the editor, associate editor, and referees for detailed feedback that helped improve the paper. 相似文献