Might “unique” factors be “common”? On the possibility of indeterminate common–unique covariances

The present paper shows that the usual factor analytic structured data dispersion matrix Λ Ψ Λ′ + Δ can readily arise from a set of scores y = Λ η + ε, where the “common” (η) and “unique” (ε) factors have nonzero covariance: Γ = Covε,η) ≠ 0. Implications of this finding are discussed for the indeterminacy of factor scores, and for the issue of invariance of factor analytic covariance models. The size of the problem is explored with numerical examples. I would like to acknowledge the large amount of effort and stimulating input supplied on the previous drafts of this paper from the reviewers, Associate Editor, and Editors of Psychometrika. Particular thanks go to William Meredith for his assistance with the final draft. Requests for reprints should be sent to Dave Grayson, 14 Poplar Grove, Lawson, NSW 2783, Australia     

算术应用题的分类结果与数学成绩关系研究

以算术应用题为材料,探讨了不同年级、不同数学成绩学生对算术应用题的分类结果及其与数学成绩的关系。结果表明:不同年级学生对算术应用题分类结果差异显著;数学成绩优生与数学成绩差生对算术应用题分类结果存在差异。     

Forgiveness and psychological adjustment following interpersonal transgressions: A longitudinal analysis

Forgiveness is often assumed to be adaptive for psychological adjustment following interpersonal transgressions. Three hundred and forty seven individuals who had experienced a recent interpersonal transgression were surveyed on four occasions over the course of six weeks. Forgiveness was assessed with scales measuring interpersonal avoidance and revenge motivation and psychological adjustment was assessed with scales measuring depression and rumination. Latent growth curve analyses showed that intraindividual changes in forgiveness were positively correlated with changes in adjustment. Latent difference score analyses indicated that adjustment predicted subsequent change in forgiveness, but that forgiveness did not predict subsequent change in adjustment. The results suggest that adjustment facilitates forgiveness, but not that forgiveness facilitates adjustment.     

关于修订“93耳穴国标”的意见

“93耳穴国标”暴露了一些问题。需要修订的内容包括：（1）命名原则;（2）命名方法;（3）关于耳穴的纳入原则。修订后的耳穴新标国标的耳穴数量,由原来的91个减少至78个,而且使用主要命名方法命名的耳穴68个,占87.2%（“93国标”中只有59个,占68.6%）;使用补充命名方法命名的耳穴只有10个（耳尖、轮1,等等）,仅占12.8%（“93国标”中高达27个,占31.4%）,而且这10个耳穴都分布在较为特殊的部位,对耳穴的命名原则和主要的命名方法不构成任何冲击。     

一种新的等值方法：核等值法

该文介绍了一种新的等值方法一核等值法。首先介绍了核等值法的研究过程、它的主要特点以及五个步骤（前平滑处理、估计分数概率、连续化、等值、计算等值标准误）。之后,介绍了核等值法与其他传统的观察分等值方法的差异,最后是对核等值法的评价。     

Short-term effects of grade retention on the growth rate of Woodcock-Johnson III broad math and reading scores

We investigated the effects of grade retention in first grade on the growth of the Woodcock-Johnson broad mathematics and reading scores over three years using linear growth curve modeling on an academically at-risk sample. A large sample (n = 784) of first grade children who were at risk for retention was initially identified based on low literacy scores. Scores representing propensity for retention were constructed based on 72 variables collected in comprehensive baseline testing in first grade. We closely matched 97 pairs of retained and promoted children based on their propensity scores using optimal matching procedures. This procedure adjusted for baseline differences between the retained and promoted children. We found that grade retention decreased the growth rate of mathematical skills but had no significant effect on reading skills. In addition, several potential moderators of the effect of retention on growth of mathematical and reading skills were identified including limited English language proficiency and children's conduct problems.     

Nonparametric Estimation of Standard Errors in Covariance Analysis Using the Infinitesimal Jackknife

The infinitesimal jackknife provides a simple general method for estimating standard errors in covariance structure analysis. Beyond its simplicity and generality what makes the infinitesimal jackknife method attractive is that essentially no assumptions are required to produce consistent standard error estimates, not even the requirement that the population sampled has the covariance structure assumed. Commonly used covariance structure analysis software uses parametric methods for estimating parameters and standard errors. When the population sampled has the covariance structure assumed, but fails to have the distributional form assumed, the parameter estimates usually remain consistent, but the standard error estimates do not. This has motivated the introduction of a variety of nonparametric standard error estimates that are consistent when the population sampled fails to have the distributional form assumed. The only distributional assumption these require is that the covariance structure be correctly specified. As noted, even this assumption is not required for the infinitesimal jackknife. The relation between the infinitesimal jackknife and other nonparametric standard error estimators is discussed. An advantage of the infinitesimal jackknife over the jackknife and the bootstrap is that it requires only one analysis to produce standard error estimates rather than one for every jackknife or bootstrap sample.     

How Gender Counts When Couples Count Their Money

In this study we explored the ways in which men's and women's personal incomes are treated and experienced differently in the family. Two hundred and fourteen participants (102 men and 112 women) in dual-earner couples were recruited in a random sample telephone survey. Participants reported a double standard in which women receive more praise than men for their incomes. Men reported stronger negative and positive feelings about their incomes than women. Regardless of gender, the higher the participants' income category the more gratitude they received from spouses and the more appreciated they felt. Wives' absolute incomes elicited husbands' gratitude, whereas husbands' relative incomes influenced wives' gratitude. Women who outearned their husbands reported no negative consequences. Although money still carries gendered meaning, women's incomes may earn increasing clout in the family. The ways in which praise, criticism, and gratitude for earnings provide a window on how gender is done and undone in the family are discussed.     

当代都市女性择偶心理的调查研究

本研究以问卷凋查和描述统计的方法,对当代都市女性的择偶心理进行了分析和探讨。从不同女性对择偶标准的排序中．显示出当代都市女性在择偶心理上的共同倾向．以及出现的某种变化。     

大学生自信与成就动机、综合测评成绩的相关研究

通过对289名大学生成就动机、自信的测试,探讨大学生自信与成就动机、综合测评成绩之间的关系。结果表明：(1)大学生成就动机与自信相关显著。其中,追求成功的动机与自信诸维度呈显著正相关,而避免失败的动机与自信诸维度之间则呈显著负相关;(2)综合测评成绩与自信的少数维度有显著相关,与学生成就动机之间相关不显著。