认知诊断中基于条件期望的距离判别方法

分类是认知诊断评估的一个核心问题。基于观察反应模式与理想反应模式之间的距离的判别方法, 以确定性的理想反应模式为类中心, 而这没有考虑误差, 故未充分利用总体分布信息。为了更充分地利用总体分布信息、提高诊断分类效果和拓展诊断评估的适用性, 本研究提出给定知识状态条件下项目反应模式的条件期望向量为类中心的欧氏距离判别方法, 同时提出认知诊断模型下项目反应函数估计方法以获得这个条件期望向量。模拟研究表明：认知诊断模型下的项目反应函数估计方法得到的条件期望向量返真性较高, 获得的分布信息较准确; 在观察反应模式与理想反应模式差异大的情形下, 基于条件期望向量为类中心的欧氏距离判别方法优于基于理想反应模式为类中心的分类方法(广义距离方法和非参数方法）。研究可为认知诊断分类和等值方法提供一个参考。     

男性罪犯人格和抑郁的关系研究

该研究采用问卷法{中国罪犯个性分测验量表（COPA—PI）、自评抑郁量表（SDS）},对在押的200名男性犯人的人格和抑郁的关系进行研究,结果发现：1）人格和抑郁之间存在着显著相关关系。2）混合型罪犯在人格因子“同情”上的得分显著低于暴力型罪犯,在“暴力倾向”上的得分显著高于财产型罪犯,在“变态心理”和抑郁上的得分显著高于财产型和暴力型罪犯。3）有前科罪犯的抑郁分数显著高于无前科罪犯。4）“焦虑”、“聪敏”、“波动”、“同情”四个人格因子对罪犯的抑郁情绪有显著预测力。为罪犯矫治工作提供了科学的理论依据和指导。     

Methods and measures in developmental emotions research: some assembly required

The remarkable contributors to this special issue highlight the importance of developmental research on emotion and its regulation, as well as its conceptual and methodological challenges. This commentary offers some additional thoughts, especially concerning alternative views of the convergence of multiple measures of emotional responding, the conceptualization of emotion and emotion regulation, and future directions for work in this field. In the end, in light of the complex construction of emotion and its development, we may learn from studying the divergence among multiple components of emotional responding as we do from expectations of their convergence. In each case, some assembly is required.     

An assessment of the efficiency of and child preference for forward and backward chaining

Comparative studies of forward and backward chaining have led some to suggest that sensitivity to each teaching procedure may be idiosyncratic across learners and tasks. The purposes of the current study were threefold. First, we assessed differential sensitivity to each chaining procedure within children when presented with multiple learning tasks of similar content but different complexity. Second, we evaluated whether differential sensitivity to a chaining procedure during a brief task predicted differential sensitivity during the teaching of longer tasks. Third, we directly assessed children's preferences for each teaching procedure via a concurrent-chains preference assessment. Learners acquired all target skills introduced under both chaining conditions, but individual children did not consistently learn more efficiently with either procedure. Short-duration tasks were not predictive of performance in tasks of longer duration. Both chaining procedures were preferred over a baseline condition without prompting, but participants did not demonstrate a preference for either procedure.     

Classroom application of a trial-based functional analysis

We evaluated a trial-based approach to conducting functional analyses in classroom settings. Ten students referred for problem behavior were exposed to a series of assessment trials, which were interspersed among classroom activities throughout the day. Results of these trial-based functional analyses were compared to those of more traditional functional analyses. Outcomes of both assessments showed correspondence in 6 of the 10 cases and partial correspondence in a 7th case. Results of the standard functional analysis suggested reasons for obtained differences in 2 cases of noncorrespondence, which were verified when portions of the trial-based functional analyses were modified and repeated. These results indicate that a trial-based functional analysis may be a viable assessment method when resources needed to conduct a standard functional analysis are unavailable. Implications for classroom-based assessment methodologies and future directions for research are discussed.     

Keeping the illusion of control under control: Ceilings, floors, and imperfect calibration

Prior research has claimed that people exaggerate probabilities of success by overestimating personal control in situations that are heavily or completely chance-determined. We examine whether such overestimation of control persists in situations where people do have control. Our results suggest a simple model that accounts for prior findings on illusory control as well as for situations where actual control is high: People make imperfect estimates of their level of control. By focusing on situations marked by low control, prior research has created the illusion that people generally overestimate their level of control. Across three studies, we show that when they have a great deal of control, people under-estimate it. Implications for research on perceived control and co-variation assessment are discussed.     

The General Factor of Personality in selection and assessment samples

In two large samples (N₁ = 44,971, N₂ = 7793) we tested the General Factor of Personality (GFP) in the Big Five, measured during selection and assessment. A GFP could clearly be identified in the data, explaining approximately 50% of the Big Five variance. We found indications for socially desirable response tendencies in a subgroup that was tested for selection purposes. Yet, this tendency did not affect the personality factor structure or the GFP characteristics. Moreover, in the selection sample, the GFP was moderately related to the Overall Assessment Rating. The findings confirm the GFP in an applied setting and support the idea that the GFP does not merely reflect methodological artifacts but is substantive.     

进修人员在双向转诊中作用的研究

我国人口分布范围广,医疗资源主要集中在大、中城市,合理利用有限的医疗资源,解决看病难,看病贵,实现有效转诊,是我们当前面临的一个难题。研究显示：通过进修医生转诊率高,迅速,患者及家属满意率高;对符合转诊要求,需要下转的患儿100例通过进修人员下转患者率96％,直接下转率65％。由此可见通过进修医生对患者进行双向转诊效果...     

Profiling Marital Satisfaction among Graduate Students: an Analysis of the Perceptions of Masters and Doctoral-Students

This study investigated marital satisfaction among graduate students. Using the Marital Satisfaction Inventory-R (MSI-R), 65 graduate students were surveyed. The results revealed multiple common areas of marital concern based on degree program of the student. These findings offer implications for psycho-educational and responsive interventions for clinicians working with this population.